Table 5

Associations between perceived racism score and having moderate-severe depression (CES-D score ≥17) among African–Americans by income, education, marital status and medical insurance*

OR (95% CI)
Annual household income ≤$30 000/year (n=100)
 Perceived racism (crude)1.20 (1.05 to 1.38)†
 Perceived racism (adjusted for age, education, marital status, SLE duration, SLEDAI)1.26 (1.06 to 1.51)†
Annual household income >$30 000/year (n=61)
 Perceived racism (crude)1.07 (0.90 to 1.27)
 Perceived racism (adjusted for age, education, marital status, SLE duration, SLEDAI)1.11 (0.82 to 1.49)
High school or less than high school graduate (n=54)
 Perceived racism (crude)1.09 (0.90 to 1.32)
 Perceived racism (adjusted for age, income, marital status, SLE duration, SLEDAI)1.12 (0.81 to 1.52)
More than high school graduate (n=109)
 Perceived racism (crude)1.21 (1.06 to 1.37)†
 Perceived racism (adjusted for age, income, marital status, SLE duration, SLEDAI)1.26 (1.04 to 1.53)†
Not currently married (n=118)
 Perceived racism (crude)1.14 (1.02 to 1.27)†
 Perceived racism (adjusted for age, education, income, SLE duration, SLEDAI)1.22 (1.04 to 1.43)†
Currently married (n=45)
 Perceived racism (crude)1.00 (0.81 to 1.25)
 Perceived racism (adjusted for age, education, income, SLE duration, SLEDAI)1.47 (0.63 to 3.43)
Without private medical insurance (n=101)
 Perceived racism (crude)1.14 (1.00 to 1.29)
 Perceived racism (adjusted for age, education, income, marital status, SLE duration, SLEDAI)1.15 (0.94 to 1.39)
With private medical insurance (n=62)
 Perceived racism (crude)1.12 (0.95 to 1.31)
 Perceived racism (adjusted for age, education, income, marital status, SLE duration, SLEDAI)1.49 (1.05 to 2.11)†

  • *Based on separate logistic regression models for each demographic category.

  • †p<0.05.

  • CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.