CIMT progression in participants treated with atorvastatin or placebo for 3 years by baseline serum 25(OH)D levels (mg/dL)*
| Segment | CIMT progression with atorvastatin (mm) | CIMT progression with placebo (mm) | Interaction effect | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean-mean CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0014 (−0.0005, 0.0032) | 0.0031 (0.0013, 0.0049) | −0.0027 (−0.0077, 0.0022) | 0.275 |
| 25(OH)D >20 | 0.0039 (0.0013, 0.0066) | 0.0084 (0.0051, 0.0117) | ||
| Mean-max CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0024 (−0.0004, 0.0052) | 0.0031 (0.0004, 0.0057) | −0.0101 (−0.0175, −0.0027) | 0.008 |
| 25(OH)D >20 | 0.0021 (−0.0019, 0.0061) | 0.0129 (0.0080, 0.0178) | ||
| Mean-mean common CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0006 (−0.0015, 0.0027) | 0.0007 (−0.0013, 0.0027) | −0.0038 (−0.0095, 0.0018) | 0.182 |
| 25(OH)D >20 | 0.0002 (−0.0029, 0.0032) | 0.0041 (0.0004, 0.0078) | ||
| Mean-max common CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0000 (−0.0032, 0.0032) | −0.0028 (−0.0058, 0.0003) | −0.0115 (−0.0199, −0.0031) | 0.008 |
| 25(OH)D >20 | −0.0015 (−0.0061, 0.0031) | 0.0073 (0.0017, 0.0129) | ||
| Mean-mean internal CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0047 (0.0013, 0.0082) | 0.0066 (0.0033, 0.0099) | −0.0092 (−0.0183, −0.0000) | 0.049 |
| 25(OH)D >20 | 0.0057 (0.0007, 0.0106) | 0.0167 (0.0107, 0.0227) | ||
| Mean-max internal CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0073 (0.0024, 0.0122) | 0.0118 (0.0071, 0.0165) | −0.0108 (−0.0239, 0.0023) | 0.104 |
| 25(OH)D >20 | 0.0074 (0.0003, 0.0145) | 0.0227 (0.0141, 0.0314) | ||
| Mean-mean bifurcation CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0007 (−0.0020, 0.0033) | 0.0036 (0.0011, 0.0061) | −0.0005 (−0.0075, 0.0065) | 0.886 |
| 25(OH)D >20 | 0.0045 (0.0008, 0.0083) | 0.0080 (0.0034, 0.0126) | ||
| Mean-max bifurcation CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0034 (−0.0008, 0.0075) | 0.0034 (−0.0006, 0.0073) | −0.0143 (−0.0254, −0.0032) | 0.012 |
| 25(OH)D >20 | −0.0007 (−0.0067, 0.0052) | 0.0135 (0.0062, 0.0209) | ||
| Mean-mean far wall CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0026 (0.0004, 0.0048) | 0.0049 (0.0028, 0.0071) | −0.0021 (−0.0080, 0.0038) | 0.491 |
| 25(OH)D > 20 | 0.0051 (0.0019, 0.0083) | 0.0095 (0.0056, 0.0134) | ||
| Mean-max far wall CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0033 (−0.0002, 0.0068) | 0.0054 (0.0020, 0.0088) | −0.0077 (−0.0171, 0.0017) | 0.107 |
| 25(OH)D > 20 | 0.0036 (−0.0014, 0.0087) | 0.0135 (0.0073, 0.0197) | ||
| Mean-mean near wall CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | −0.0001 (−0.0026, 0.0024) | 0.0007 (−0.0017, 0.0031) | −0.0034 (−0.0101, 0.0032) | 0.312 |
| 25(OH)D > 20 | 0.0026 (−0.0010, 0.0062) | 0.0069 (0.0025, 0.0113) | ||
| Mean-max near wall CIMT | ||||
| 25(OH)D ≤20 | 0.0012 (−0.0024, 0.0047) | −0.0001 (−0.0035, 0.0033) | −0.0130 (−0.0224, −0.0036) | 0.007 |
| 25(OH)D > 20 | 0.0003 (−0.0048, 0.0054) | 0.0121 (0.0059, 0.0183) | ||
Bold represents p<0.05.
*Multivariable mixed effects longitudinal modelling adjusted for lupus duration, female gender, systolic blood pressure, pubertal level, LDL cholesterol and hsCRP.
CIMT, carotid intima medial thickness; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.