Table 2uMIF and uMCP-1 according to demographic and clinical SLE parameters
| Patients with SLE (n=64) | ||||||
| n | uMIF (n=64) | n | uMCP-1 (n=39) | |||
| Median (IQR) | P values | Median (IQR) | P values | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age groups (years) | 0.05 | 0.42 | ||||
| <40 | 37 | 1540.1 (906.5–1947.9) | 23 | 7.2 (2–34.6) | ||
| ≥40 | 27 | 849.8 (542.3–1445.5) | 16 | 5.2 (1.8–16.3) | ||
| Gender | 0.1 | 0.66 | ||||
| Female | 52 | 1340.3 (672.6–1920.1) | 32 | 6.4 (1.9–25.5) | ||
| Male | 12 | 936.1 (290–1358.4) | 7 | 6.5 (0.9–30.1) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.04 | 0.47 | ||||
| Non-Asian | 40 | 989 (577–1709.3) | 24 | 8.3 (1.8–41.1) | ||
| Asian | 24 | 1517 (977–2164.1) | 15 | 4.3 (2–13.3) | ||
| Clinical Features | ||||||
| SLEDAI-2K cat. (overall) | 0.02* | 0.01† | ||||
| Inactive disease (≤4) | 38 | 1098.3 (627.7–1802.1) | 22 | 4.6 (1.2–11.5) | ||
| Mildly active disease (>4 and <10) | 14 | 997.1 (660.8–1616.5) | 9 | 3.8 (2.1–9.4) | ||
| Highly active disease (≥10) | 12 | 1909.5 (1565.8–3232.5) | 8 | 47.4 (24.9–129.9) | ||
| Active renal disease | 0.31 | <0.01 | ||||
| Absent | 48 | 1144.2 (636.8–1881.8) | 28 | 4.1 (1.5–12.4) | ||
| Present | 16 | 1517 (945.4–2107.6) | 11 | 34.6 (8.1–130.8) | ||
| Biopsy-confirmed LN | 0.67 | 0.06 | ||||
| Absent | 36 | 1166.2 (671.2–1881.8) | 21 | 4.3 (1.8–11.5) | ||
| Present | 28 | 1220.1 (577–1848.8) | 18 | 11.4 (2.6–53.8) | ||
| Flare‡ | 0.04 | 0.3 | ||||
| Absent | 51 | 1067.4 (645.9–1650.2) | 31 | 5.5 (1.8–19.8) | ||
| Present | 11 | 1701.2 (925.1–2129.7) | 6 | 24.9 (1.8–129) | ||
| Irreversible organ damage | 0.13 | 0.57 | ||||
| Absent | 36 | 1517 (862.1–2088.5) | 22 | 7.7 (1.8–31.2) | ||
| Present | 28 | 887.4 (646.8–1547.5) | 17 | 4 (2–13.3) | ||
| Treatment | ||||||
| Prednisolone | 0.49 | 0.31 | ||||
| No | 26 | 1105.6 (627.7–1701.2) | 15 | 4.3 (1.8–19.2) | ||
| Yes | 38 | 1336.4 (658–2047.3) | 24 | 6.8 (2.1–44.2) | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 0.46 | 0.71 | ||||
| No | 5 | 1028.6 (988.4–3193.9) | 3 | 13.3 (1.2–60.3) | ||
| Yes | 59 | 1187.8 (645.9–1871.1) | 36 | 6 (1.9–24.9) | ||
| Immunosuppressants§ | 0.05 | 0.76 | ||||
| No | 29 | 1445.5 (817.6–2565.7) | 19 | 6.5 (1.8–19.2) | ||
| Yes | 35 | 1028.6 (589–1616.5) | 20 | 6 (2–32.3) | ||
| Laboratory markers | ||||||
| Proteinuria ¶ | 0.09 | 0.01 | ||||
| No | 47 | 1143.7 (627.7–1871.1) | 29 | 4.9 (1.8–13.3) | ||
| Yes | 14 | 1565.8 (1028.6–2565.7) | 9 | 34.6 (8.1–129) | ||
| eGFR (mL/min) | 0.12 | 0.48 | ||||
| ≥90 (normal range) | 29 | 1445.5 (849.8–1871.1) | 18 | 6 (2–31.2) | ||
| ≥60 and <90 | 21 | 658 (542.3–1540.1) | 12 | 4.3 (1–19.8) | ||
| <60 | 8 | 1339 (793–3933.4) | 6 | 19.8 (2–129] | ||
| ANA (>1280) | 0.5 | 0.79 | ||||
| No | 17 | 1028.6 (542.3–1649.5) | 10 | 6.8 (4.3–19.2) | ||
| Yes | 46 | 1336.4 (658.0–1892.4) | 28 | 4.8 (1.8–27.2) | ||
| Anti-Sm Ab | 0.42 | 0.8 | ||||
| No | 53 | 1143.7 (645.9–1802.1) | 34 | 6 (2–19.8) | ||
| Yes | 11 | 1540.1 (684.4–2129.7) | 5 | 8.1 (0.7–30.1) | ||
| Anti-dsDNA Ab | 0.68 | 0.09 | ||||
| No | 28 | 1166.2 (659.4–1967.8) | 17 | 4.9 (1.2–9.4) | ||
| Yes | 32 | 1225.2 (666–1675.7) | 21 | 13.3 (2.1–47.6) | ||
| Low C3 (<0.79 g/L) | 0.96 | 0.38 | ||||
| No | 36 | 1144.2 (653.4–1967.8) | 20 | 7.7 (2.9–39.4) | ||
| Yes | 24 | 1397.3 (671.2–1649.8) | 18 | 3.2 (1.8–19.8) | ||
| Low C4 (<0.16 g/L) | 0.12 | 0.1 | ||||
| No | 26 | 1008.5 (645.9–1593.7) | 14 | 3.2 (1.8–13.3) | ||
| Yes | 34 | 1452.7 (684.4–2043.1) | 24 | 8.8 (2–50.7) | ||
| High CRP (>5 mg/L) | 0.64 | 0.65 | ||||
| No | 47 | 1143.7 (660.8–1701.2) | 28 | 6 (2–16.3) | ||
| Yes | 12 | 1390.7 (600.2–2150) | 9 | 31.2 (1.2–60.3) | ||
| High ESR (>25 mm/h) | 0.39 | 0.89 | ||||
| No | 41 | 1067.4 (589–1701.2) | 26 | 6 (2–19.7) | ||
| Yes | 17 | 1187.8 (925.1–1802.1) | 10 | 6.7 (1.2–19.8) | ||
Data are expressed as median (IQR) uMIF and uMCP-1 are expressed in pg/µmol N: number of individuals in cohort
*P value generated using Kruskal-Wallis test. Dunn’s multiple comparison test: inactive disease (≤4) vs mildly active disease (>4 and <10): p=0.9; inactive disease (≤4) vs highly active disease (≥10): p=0.02; mildly active disease (>4 and <10) vs highly active disease (≥10): p=0.06.
†P value generated using Kruskal-Wallis test. Dunn’s multiple comparison test: inactive disease (≤4) vs mildly active disease (>4 and <10): p=0.9; inactive disease (≤4) vs highly active disease (≥10): p<0.01; mildly active disease (>4 and <10) vs highly active disease (≥10): p=0.19.
‡Encompasses mild, moderate and/or severe flares.
§Immunosuppressants include: methotrexate, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolate acid, cyclophosphamide and/or leflunomide.
¶Proteinuria defined as UPCR>0.05 g/mmol.
ANA, antinuclear antibody;Ab, antibody;C3, complement component 3;C4, complement component 4;CRP, C reactive protein;ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate;LN, lupus nephritis;MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1;MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor;SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus;SLEDAI-2K, SLE Disease Activity Index 2000;SLICC-SDI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics-SLE Damage Index;Sm, Smith;UPCR, urine protein/creatinine ratio; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA;eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.