Associates and predictors of pericarditis in SLE among demographic, clinical, serologic features and SDI (p<0.05)
| Subgroup | With pericarditis | Without pericarditis | Cross-sectional | Prospective | ||||
| OR | 95% CI | p Value | HR | 95% CI | p Value | |||
| Demographic features | ||||||||
| African-American ethnicity | 53.64% | 38.54% | 1.85 | 1.51 to 2.26 | <0.0001 | 1.91 | 1.56 to 2.33 | <0.0001 |
| Private insurance | 74.40% | 79.45% | 0.75 | 0.60 to 0.95 | 0.0151 | 1.01 | 0.80 to 1.27 | 0.9656 |
| Age at SLE diagnosis | 30.69±12.83 | 32.90±12.96 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 0.99 | 0.0006 | 0.99 | 0.98 to 1.00 | 0.0034 |
| Years of education | 14.10±2.85 | 14.40±3.20 | 0.97 | 0.94 to 1 | 0.0913 | 1.00 | 0.96 to 1.03 | 0.7865 |
| Clinical features | ||||||||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 17.47% | 5.23% | 3.83 | 2.83 to 5.20 | <0.0001 | 1.63 | 0.92 to 2.89 | 0.0916 |
| Haemolytic anaemia | 16.37% | 8.34% | 2.15 | 1.61 to 2.87 | <0.0001 | 2.34 | 1.67 to 3.28 | <0.0001 |
| Fever | 50.76% | 32.60% | 2.13 | 1.75 to 2.60 | <0.0001 | 1.93 | 1.54 to 2.41 | <0.0001 |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 13.71% | 7.16% | 2.06 | 1.52 to 2.80 | <0.0001 | 1.34 | 0.75 to 2.41 | 0.327 |
| Nephrotic syndrome | 26.78% | 15.33% | 2.02 | 1.60 to 2.55 | <0.0001 | 1.5 | 1.13 to 2 | 0.0053 |
| Proteinuria | 57.36% | 40.37% | 1.99 | 1.63 to 2.42 | <0.0001 | 1.72 | 1.38 to 2.14 | <0.0001 |
| Seizure | 14.31% | 8.23% | 1.86 | 1.39 to 2.50 | <0.0001 | 1.13 | 0.67 to 1.91 | 0.6393 |
| Haematuria | 37.79% | 24.78% | 1.84 | 1.50 to 2.26 | <0.0001 | 1.73 | 1.35 to 2.23 | <0.0001 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 41.79% | 28.35% | 1.81 | 1.48 to 2.22 | <0.0001 | 1.85 | 1.44 to 2.36 | <0.0001 |
| Raynaud’s syndrome | 63.34% | 48.90% | 1.81 | 1.48 to 2.21 | <0.0001 | 1.6 | 1.27 to 2 | 0.0001 |
| Anaemia | 71.37% | 60.29% | 1.64 | 1.33 to 2.03 | <0.0001 | 1.62 | 1.3 to 2 | <0.0001 |
| Arthritis | 94.67% | 90.26% | 1.91 | 1.27 to 2.89 | 0.0012 | 1.39 | 1.13 to 1.71 | 0.0016 |
| Arthralgia | 77.88% | 70.40% | 1.48 | 1.18 to 1.86 | 0.0007 | 1.45 | 1.18 to 1.78 | 0.0004 |
| Organic brain syndrome | 6.11% | 3.61% | 1.74 | 1.26 to 2.68 | 0.0178 | 1.42 | 0.79 to 2.53 | 0.2392 |
| Pancreatitis | 5.16% | 3.07% | 1.72 | 1.08 to 2.75 | 0.0218 | 1.32 | 0.59 to 2.96 | 0.5027 |
| Livedo reticularis | 22.69% | 28.31% | 0.74 | 0.59 to 0.93 | 0.0108 | 0.91 | 0.62 to 1.32 | 0.6046 |
| Serologic features | ||||||||
| ESR | 83.85% | 71.71% | 2.05 | 1.59 to 2.64 | <0.0001 | 1.14 | 0.9 to 1.45 | 0.2898 |
| Anti-DNA | 73.09% | 58.74% | 1.91 | 1.54 to 2.36 | <0.0001 | 1.73 | 1.41 to 2.12 | <0.0001 |
| Anti-Sm | 28.80% | 17.97% | 1.85 | 1.47 to 2.32 | <0.0001 | 1.72 | 1.32 to 2.24 | 0.0001 |
| Low C3 | 65.46% | 51.86% | 1.76 | 1.44 to 2.15 | <0.0001 | 1.56 | 1.24 to 1.97 | 0.0002 |
| Low C4 | 57.63% | 44.85% | 1.67 | 1.38 to 2.04 | <0.0001 | 1.64 | 1.29 to 2.08 | <0.0001 |
| Anti-RNP | 37.82% | 25.89% | 1.74 | 1.41 to 2.14 | <0.0001 | 1.3 | 0.95 to 1.77 | 0.0962 |
| PLT <100 | 26.58% | 18.83% | 1.56 | 1.24 to 1.96 | 0.0002 | 1.28 | 0.92 to 1.78 | 0.1505 |
| Coombs test | 25.29% | 18.79% | 1.46 | 1.14 to 1.88 | 0.0036 | 1.5 | 1.09 to 2.06 | 0.0134 |
| Leucopenia | 50.38% | 44.39% | 1.27 | 1.05 to 1.54 | 0.0171 | 1.41 | 1.13 to 1.77 | 0.0028 |
| SDI | ||||||||
| Total SDI score | 3.08±2.78 | 1.85±2.32 | ||||||
| Pulmonary | 0.30±0.62 | 0.12±0.38 | ||||||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 10.33% | 3.21% | 3.48 | 2.37 to 5.10 | <0.0001 | 1.45 | 0.64 to 3.29 | 0.3723 |
| Pleural fibrosis | 5.57% | 2.02% | 2.86 | 1.74 to 4.70 | <0.0001 | 1.04 | 0.26 to 4.19 | 0.9604 |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 12.43% | 5.92% | 2.26 | 1.63 to 3.12 | <0.0001 | 1.1 | 0.54 to 2.24 | 0.7879 |
| Shrinking lung | 0.96% | 0.16% | 5.9 | 1.41 to 24.79 | 0.0161 | 3.35 | 0.47 to 23.96 | 0.2285 |
| Cardiovascular | 0.33±0.67 | 0.12±0.44 | ||||||
| Cardiomyopathy | 8.62% | 2.45% | 3.76 | 2.46 to 5.76 | <0.0001 | 1.45 | 0.59 to 3.55 | 0.4153 |
| Valvular disease | 5% | 2.07% | 2.5 | 1.50 to 4.15 | 0.0003 | 0.9 | 0.22 to 3.63 | 0.8814 |
| Myocardial infarction ever | 6.7% | 3.7% | 1.87 | 1.23 to 2.85 | 0.0030 | 1.85 | 0.8 to 4.27 | 0.1493 |
| Gastrointestinal | 0.28±0.58 | 0.14±0.42 | ||||||
| Infarction or resection of bowel | 20.65% | 11.24% | 2.06 | 1.59 to 2.66 | <0.0001 | 1.98 | 1.28 to 3.05 | 0.0020 |
| Musculoskeletal | 0.59±0.96 | 0.36±0.74 | ||||||
| Deforming or erosive arthritis | 9.75% | 5.4% | 1.89 | 1.33 to 2.70 | 0.0003 | 1.03 | 0.52 to 2.02 | 0.9375 |
| Osteoporosis | 16.63% | 10.75% | 1.66 | 1.26 to 2.18 | 0.0003 | 0.54 | 0.24 to 1.24 | 0.1468 |
| Avascular necrosis | 15.49% | 9.67% | 1.71 | 1.29 to 2.27 | 0.0002 | 0.91 | 0.52 to 1.57 | 0.7340 |
| Renal | 0.40±1.05 | 0.22±0.78 | ||||||
| Renal insufficiency | 9.96% | 5.17% | 2.03 | 1.43 to 2.89 | <0.0001 | 1.73 | 1.08 to 2.76 | 0.0218 |
| Proteinuria | 11.88% | 6.92% | 1.81 | 1.32 to 2.50 | 0.0002 | 1.44 | 0.95 to 2.18 | 0.0825 |
| End-stage renal disease | 7.66% | 4.14% | 1.92 | 1.29 to 2.86 | 0.0010 | 1.23 | 0.61 to 2.51 | 0.5631 |
| Ocular | 0.26±0.49 | 0.20±0.46 | ||||||
| Any cataract ever | 21.22% | 15.86% | 1.43 | 1.12 to 1.82 | 0.0040 | 0.95 | 0.57 to 1.59 | 0.8489 |
| Malignancy | 13.63% | 9.83% | 1.45 | 1.08 to 1.94 | 0.0131 | 1.74 | 0.93 to 3.26 | 0.0818 |
| Peripheral vascular | 0.10±0.36 | 0.06±0.28 | ||||||
| Venous thrombosis | 6.13% | 3.04% | 2.08 | 1.33 to 3.25 | 0.0010 | 1.12 | 0.46 to 2.73 | 0.7989 |
| Significant tissue loss ever | 1.92% | 0.76% | 2.55 | 1.23 to 5.78 | 0.0200 | 2.8 | 1.03 to 7.57 | 0.0432 |
| Neuropsychiatric | 0.38±0.72 | 0.30±0.64 | ||||||
| Seizures | 6.7% | 4.02% | 1.72 | 1.13 to 2.60 | 0.0099 | 0.82 | 0.34 to 2 | 0.6689 |
| Diabetes | 10.38% | 7.4% | 1.45 | 1.04 to 2.02 | 0.0275 | 0.97 | 0.48 to 1.99 | 0.9388 |
| Premature gonadal failure | 6.54% | 4.3% | 1.56 | 1.03 to 2.36 | 0.0347 | 1.35 | 0.66 to 2.76 | 0.4096 |
*After adjusting for multiple comparisons, significant level is 0.0006; p<0.0006 bold.
ACR, American College of Rheumatology; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; SDI, SLICC/ACR Damage Index; SLICC, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics; PLT, platelet.