Multiple conditional logistic regression models: association between quartiles of cumulative steroid duration (years) and outcome
| Study variable, OR (95% CI) | Diabetes | Hypertension | Cataracts | Osteoporosis | Avascular necrosis |
| Duration of steroid exposure quartiles, years | 3.682 (0.234 to 57.836) | 0.788 (0.433 to 1.436) | 0.825 (0.383 to 1.775) | 0.777 (0.317 to 1.902) | 0.714 (0.148 to 3.442) |
| Age, years | 1.074 (1.019 to 1.132)** | 0.999 (0.972 to 1.027) | 1.102 (1.071 to 1.135)*** | 1.052 (1.027 to 1.077)*** | 0.945 (0.894 to 1.000)* |
| Gender, female | 2.431 (0.211 to 27.988) | 1.591 (0.486 to 5.208) | 1.612 (0.627 to 4.144) | 3.130 (0.977 to 10.030) | 0.062 (0.011 to 0.363)** |
| Black | 1.668 (0.507 to 5.487) | 2.602 (1.300 to 5.209)** | 0.952 (0.543 to 1.670) | 0.260 (0.137 to 0.496)*** | 1.360 (0.437 to 4.229) |
| Cyclophosphamide or other immunosuppressants in the last 12 months of at-risk time | 3.404 (0.918 to 12.623) | 0.927 (0.394 to 2.179) | 1.708 (0.932 to 3.132) | 1.586 (0.877 to 2.869) | 2.778 (0.638 to 12.093) |
| Time since SLE diagnosis years | 0.821 (0.702 to 0.959)* | 1.062 (0.999 to 1.129) | 0.983 (0.909 to 1.063) | 0.974 (0.903 to 1.050) | 0.846 (0.727 to 0.985)* |
| SDI score | 0.809 (0.527 to 1.241) | 1.238 (0.852 to 1.800) | 1.123 (0.880 to 1.434) | 1.129 (0.917 to 1.390) | 1.495 (0.856 to 2.611) |
| Cumulative SLEDAI | 0.997 (0.988 to 1.006) | 0.998 (0.993 to 1.004) | 1.001 (0.997 to 1.005) | 1.006 (1.002 to 1.010)** | 1.003 (0.996 to 1.010) |
| Years of education | 0.946 (0.738 to 1.212) | 1.048 (0.931 to 1.181) | 0.948 (0.859 to 1.045) | 0.940 (0.857 to 1.030) | 0.949 (0.778 to 1.158) |
| History of renal activity ever | – | 2.357 (1.086 to 5.116)* | – | – | – |
| Obesity | 1.112 (0.290 to 4.260) | – | – | – | – |
| Total cholesterol | 1.002 (0.994 to 1.011) | 1.004 (0.999 to 1.009) | – | – | – |
| Statin use | 1.337 (0.289 to 6.195) | – | – | – | – |
| Hypertension | 1.468 (0.385 to 5.598) | – | – | – | – |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
SDI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index; SLEDAI, SLE Disease Activity Index.