Univariable associations of uMIF in SLE
| uMIF levels (pg/µmol) Derived from univariable linear regression analyses | |||||
| RC | (95% CI) | P values | |||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | – | – | 0.99 | (0.97 to 1.01) | 0.39 |
| GM | (95% CI) | Ratio of GM | (95% CI) | P values | |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 1227.3 | (949.9 to 1585.7) | 1 | ||
| Male | 713.6 | (423.1 to 1203.6) | 0.58 | (0.33 to 1.03) | 0.06 |
| Asian ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Asian | 926 | (761.5 to 1126.1) | 1 | ||
| Asian | 1496.4 | (1043 to 2147.1) | 1.62 | (1.05 to 2.5) | 0.03 |
| Clinical parameters | RC | (95% CI) | P values | ||
| Disease duration (years) | – | – | 1 | (0.97 to 1.02) | 0.69 |
| GM | (95% CI) | Ratio of GM | (95% CI) | P values | |
| SLEDAI-2K—two categories | |||||
| SLEDAI-2K≤4 | 955.9 | (690.1 to 1324) | 1 | ||
| SLEDAI-2K>4 | 1376.8 | (1048.4 to 1808) | 1.44 | (0.9 to 2.31) | 0.13 |
| SLEDAI-2K—three categories | |||||
| Inactive disease (≤4) | 955.9 | (705.9 to 1294.5) | 1 | ||
| Mildly active disease (>4 and <10) | 976.5 | (748 to 1274.8) | 1.02 | (0.67 to 1.56) | 0.92 |
| Highly active disease (≥10) | 2055.5 | (1194.2 to 3537.9) | 2.15 | (1.18 to 3.93) | 0.01 |
| Renal SLEDAI-2K | |||||
| Renal SLEDAI-2K=0 | 1026.4 | (754.3 to 1396.5) | 1 | ||
| Renal SLEDAI-2K>0 | 1397.1 | (876.9 to 2226) | 1.36 | (0.78 to 2.39) | 0.28 |
| Proteinuria* | |||||
| No | 1002.5 | (783.5 to 1282.6) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1652.7 | (1015.3 to 2690) | 1.65 | (1.01 to 2.69) | 0.05 |
| Biopsy-confirmed LN | |||||
| No | 1201.6 | (960.3 to 1503.5) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 999.6 | (699.7 to 1428.1) | 0.83 | (0.52 to 1.32) | 0.44 |
| Flare† | |||||
| No | 978.4 | (792.8 to 1207.5) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1855.2 | (1151.8 to 2988.1) | 1.9 | (1.08 to 3.32) | 0.03 |
| Treatments | |||||
| Prednisolone | |||||
| No | 1036.1 | (706.7 to 1519) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1161.2 | (864.8 to 1559.1) | 1.12 | (0.72 to 1.75) | 0.62 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | |||||
| No | 1558.2 | (707.9 to 3430.1) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1077.1 | (851.9 to 1361.9) | 0.69 | (0.31 to 1.56) | 0.38 |
| Immunosuppressants‡ | |||||
| No | 1462.2 | (1029.3 to 2077) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 881.4 | (694.4 to 1118.8) | 0.6 | (0.4 to 0.91) | 0.02 |
*Proteinuria defined as UPCR>0.05 g/mmol.
†Encompasses mild, moderate and/or severe flares.
‡Immunosuppressants include: methotrexate, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolate acid, cyclophosphamide and/or leflunomide.
GM, geometric mean;LN, lupus nephritis; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor;RC, regression coefficient; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus;SLEDAI-2K, SLE Disease Activity Index 2000; uMIF, urinary MIF.