Multivariable associations of uMIF with disease activity as primary exposure in SLE
| uMIF levels (pg/µmol) derived from multivariable linear regression analyses with SLEDAI-2K—three categories as main exposure | |||||
| GM | (95% CI) | Ratio of GM | (95% CI) | P values | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Asian ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Asian | 974.6 | (735.2 to 1291.8) | 1 | ||
| Asian | 1337.5 | (1005.6 to 1778.9) | 1.3 | (0.9 to 1.88) | 0.16 |
| Clinical parameters | |||||
| SLEDAI-2K—three categories | |||||
| Inactive disease (≤4) | 904.9 | (648.6 to 1262.6) | 1 | ||
| Mildly active disease (>4 and <10) | 1192.9 | (853.7 to 1666.7) | 1.32 | (0.82 to 2.12) | 0.25 |
| Highly active disease (≥10) | 1763.9 | (1017 to 3059.3) | 1.95 | (1.01 to 3.75) | 0.045 |
| Proteinuria* | |||||
| No | x | x | x | ||
| Yes | x | x | x | x | x |
| Flare† | |||||
| No | 1047.7 | (817.3 to 1342.9) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1351 | (803.4 to 2272.1) | 1.31 | (0.73 to 2.34) | 0.36 |
| Treatments | |||||
| Immunosuppressants‡ | |||||
| No | 1517.7 | (1083.4 to 2126.2) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 852.6 | (648.2 to 1221.4) | 0.51 | (0.32 to 0.83) | <0.01 |
x: not included in the multivariable model, as being part of the SLEDAI-2K score
*Proteinuria defined as UPCR>0.05 g/mmol.
†Encompasses mild, moderate and/or severe flares.
‡Immunosuppressants include: methotrexate, azathioprine, mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolate acid, cyclophosphamide and/or leflunomide.
GM, geometric mean; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor;SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus;SLEDAI-2K, SLE Disease Activity Index 2000.