Normotensive (N=148) | Hypertensive* (N=73) | P | |
a. Baseline demographics | |||
African American | 36 (24.3%) | 21 (28.8%) | 0.67 |
White | 74 (50.0%) | 32 (43.8%) | |
Mixed/other | 38 (25.7%) | 20 (27.4%) | |
Female, N (%) | 126 (85.1%) | 58 (79.5%) | 0.29 |
SBP, mean, mm Hg ±SD | 110.4±11.3 | 117.7±12.5 | 2.6×10–5 |
DBP, mean, mm Hg ±SD | 64.89±8.93 | 69.4±10.1 | 0.0008 |
BMI kg/m2 | 23.69±4.83 | 25.84±6.03 | 0.0046 |
Body weight (kg) | 60.37±15.53 | 65.37±19.97 | 0.043 |
Height (cm) | 159.0±9.76 | 157.90±10.69 | 0.45 |
Nephrotic syndrome | 4 (2.74) | 33 (45.2) | 3.9×10–15 |
Nephritic syndrome | 26 (17.8) | 53 (72.6) | 1.3×10–15 |
Other kidney disorders | 7 (5.38) | 13 (22.0) | 0.001 |
C4 protein, mg/dL | 13.5±6.7 | 18.5±8.6 | 4.7×10–6 |
C3 protein, mg/dL | 95.7±29.0 | 110.7±26.4 | 0.0003 |
Patient number (N) | 135 | 63 | |
C4T GCN (mean±SD) | 3.844±0.836 | 3.794±0.722 | 0.68 |
C4A GCN (mean±SD) | 2.067±0.755 | 1.825±0.685 | 0.032 |
C4B GCN (mean±SD) | 1.778±0.665 | 2.000±0.568 | 0.023 |
C4L GCN (mean±SD) | 2.889±1.182 | 2.435±1.018 | 0.0098 |
C4S GCN (mean±SD) | 0.970±0.819 | 1.339±0.922 | 0.0054 |
C3, FF+FS (frequency) | 0.237 | 0.175 | 0.32 |
b. A logistic regression model of independent risk factors for hypertension in cSLE | |||
R2/AUC | χ2 | P | |
Overall | 0.5097/0.932† | 120.4 | 2.6×10–24 |
Nephrotic syndrome | 33.8 | 6.1×10–9 | |
Nephritic syndrome | 28.5 | 9.4×10–8 | |
Serum C4 | 18.1 | 2.1×10–5 | |
BMI | 14.7 | 0.0001 | |
GCN of C4L | 7.25 | 0.0071 |
P values <0.05 are in bold fonts.
*Prior or current hypertension per baseline physician documentation.
†An alternative model without the inclusion of serum C4 and GCN of C4L yielded R2=0.430 and AUC, 0.905.
APPLE, Atherosclerosis Prevention in Pediatric Lupus Erythematosus; AUC, area under curve; BMI, body mass index; C4L, long C4 genes; C4L, long C4 genes; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GCN, gene copy number; R, correlation coefficient; SBP, systolic blood pressure; cSLE, childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.