Characteristics of patients with JA and controls from GLADEL cohort
| Variables | JA (n=17) | Control (n=51) | P value | OR (95% CI) |
| Age at diagnosis, years (median, IQR) | 31.0 (12.0) | 29.0 (14.0) | 0.590 | |
| Follow-up in the cohort, months (median, IQR) | 69.0 (21.0) | 57.0 (37.0) | 0.720 | |
| Female gender (n, %) | 16 (94.1) | 48 (94.1) | 1.000 | |
| Ethnic group (n, %) | ||||
| Caucasian | 10(58.8) | 36(70.6) | 0.665† | |
| Mestizo | 5(29.4) | 11(21.5) | ||
| Afro-Latin American | 2(11.8) | 3(5.9) | ||
| Others | 0(0.0) | 1(2.0) | ||
| Residence (n, %) | ||||
| Urban | 17 (100.0) | 48 (94.1) | 0.567 | |
| Socioeconomic status (n, %) | ||||
| High/high–middle | 3 (17.6) | 8 (15.7) | 0.586 | |
| Middle | 5 (29.4) | 12 (23.5) | ||
| Middle–low/low | 9 (52.9) | 31 (60.8) | ||
| Education level; years (n, %) | ||||
| 0–7 | 7 (41.2) | 19 (37.3) | 0.570 | |
| 8–12 | 9 (52.9) | 24 (47.1) | ||
| >12 | 1 (5.9) | 8 (15.7) | ||
| Type of social health coverage (n, %) | ||||
| Public | 14 (82.4) | 40 (78.4) | 0.999 | |
| Private | 3 (17.6) | 11 (21.6) | ||
| Cumulative clinical features, (n, %) | ||||
| Malar rash | 11 (64.7) | 33 (64.7) | 1.000 | |
| Discoid lupus | 1 (5.9) | 5 (9.8) | 0.999 | |
| Photosensitivity | 11 (64.7) | 31 (60.8) | 0.773 | |
| Oral ulcers | 9 (52.9) | 24 (47.1) | 0.674 | |
| Arthritis | 16 (94.1) | 43 (84.3) | 0.432 | |
| Pleuritis | 4 (23.5) | 8 (15.7) | 0.477 | |
| Pericarditis | 3 (17.6) | 8 (15.7) | 0.999 | |
| Neurological disorder | 8 (47.1) | 17 (33.3) | 0.309 | |
| Renal disorder | 7 (41.2) | 30 (58.8) | 0.205 | |
| Haematological disorder | 13 (76.5) | 42 (82.3) | 0.723 | |
| Immunological disorder*10 | 11 (84.6) | 40 (88.9) | 0.647 | |
| ANA | 16 (94.1) | 49 (96.1) | 0.999 | |
| Autoantibodies, (n,%) | ||||
| Anti-dsDNA | 6 (35.3) | 32 (62.7) | 0.088 | |
| Anti-SSA/Ro | 5 (29.4) | 14 (27.4) | 0.999 | |
| Anti-SSB/La | 3 (17.6) | 6 (11.8) | 0.680 | |
| Antiphospholipid | 11 (64.7) | 25 (49.0) | 0.261 | |
| Hypocomplementaemia | 12 (70.6) | 33 (64.7) | 0.657 | |
| Raynaud"s phenomenon | 9 (52.9) | 25 (49.0) | 0.779 | |
| Xerophthalmia and xerostomia | 6 (35.3) | 9 (17.6) | 0.176 | |
| Lupus pneumonitis | 4 (23.5) | 1 (2.0) | 0.012 | 15.4 (1.6–149.6) |
| SLEDAI average at follow-up (median, IQR)*14 | 3.83 (4.29) | 3.33 (5.31) | 0.606 | |
| SDI score (last visit) (median, IQR) | 2 (4) | 1 (3) | 0.647 | |
| Mortality at follow-up, (n,%) | 4 (23.5) | 7 (13.7) | 0.447 | |
*Missing data.
†To calculate the p value, the categories African, Latin American and others were combined.
ACR, American College of Rheumatology; GLADEL, Grupo Latino Americano De Estudio del Lupus ; JA, Jaccoud’s arthropathy; SDI, SLICC/ACR Damage Index; SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; SLICC, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics.