Factors associated with the occurrence of new damage (univariable and multivariable analyses)
| Variables | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value |
| Uric acid level (mg/dL) | 1.141 (1.016 to 1.282) | 0.026 | 1.197 (1.020 to 1.403) | 0.028 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 1.023 (1.009 to 1.038) | 0.001 | 1.038 (1.018 to 1.058) | <0.001 |
| Gender (male) | 1.005 (0.489 to 2.065) | 0.989 | 1.027 (0.455 to 2.321) | 0.949 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| High | Ref | Ref | ||
| Medium | 1.239 (0.745 to 2.061) | 0.409 | 0.461 (0.174 to 1.223) | 0.120 |
| Low | 1.422 (0.950 to 2.129) | 0.087 | 1.023 (0.579 to 1.805) | 0.938 |
| Educational level (years) | 0.940 (0.889 to 0.993) | 0.027 | 0.885 (0.793 to 0.988) | 0.029 |
| Disease duration (years) | 1.032 (1.008 to 1.055) | 0.007 | 1.056 (1.006 to 1.109) | 0.029 |
| SLEDAI-2K | 1.040 (1.000 to 1.082) | 0.051 | 1.018 (0.971 to 1.068) | 0.457 |
| SDI | 1.283 (1.147 to 1.435) | <0.001 | 1.095 (0.836 to 1.208) | 0.960 |
| Creatinine level (mg/dL) | 0.993 (0.882 to 1.118) | 0.907 | 0.979 (0.817 to 1.175) | 0.823 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.030 (0.854 to 1.243) | 0.755 | 0.853 (0.646 to 1.128) | 0.265 |
| Prednisone current dose (mg/day) | 0.993 (0.964 to 1.023) | 0.637 | 1.000 (0.965 to 1.037) | 0.994 |
| Time of exposure to prednisone (years) | 1.032 (1.006 to 1.058) | 0.016 | 1.001 (0.952 to 1.053) | 0.957 |
| Antimalarial use | ||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | ||
| Past | 0.970 (0.466 to 2.017) | 0.934 | 1.372 (0.584 to 3.226) | 0.468 |
| Current | 0.708 (0.409 to 1.225) | 0.217 | 1.106 (0.587 to 2082) | 0.756 |
| Immunosuppressive drug use | ||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | ||
| Past | 1.021 (0.597 to 1.744) | 0.940 | 1.191 (0.654 to 2.170) | 0.568 |
| Current | 1.420 (0.916 to 2.202) | 0.117 | 1.649 (0.997 to 2.728) | 0.051 |
Ref, reference; SDI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index; SLEDAI-2K, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2K.