Exposure variables | Presence of MetS | |||||
Univariable | Multivariable | |||||
OR | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | P value | |
Age at diagnosis (years) | ||||||
<40 | 1.00 | |||||
40–60 | 2.63 | 1.05 to 6.54 | 0.04 | 2.48 | 0.94 to 6.57 | 0.07 |
>60 | 4.67 | 0.96 to 22.79 | 0.06 | 3.82 | 0.69 to 21.12 | 0.12 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 1.00 | |||||
Male | 1.98 | 0.63 to 6.22 | 0.24 | |||
Ethnicity | ||||||
Caucasian | 1.00 | |||||
Asian | 1.12 | 0.45 to 2.77 | 0.81 | |||
Other | 1.93 | 0.63 to 5.92 | 0.25 | |||
Smoking at baseline | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 0.43 | 0.15 to 1.21 | 0.11 | |||
Received prednisolone | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 0.94 | 0.35 to 2.53 | 0.90 | |||
Cumulative prednisolone | ||||||
First quartile | 1.00 | |||||
Second quartile | 0.85 | 0.27 to 2.63 | 0.77 | |||
Third quartile | 0.85 | 0.27 to 2.63 | 0.77 | |||
Fourth quartile | 1.00 | 0.33 to 3.04 | 1.00 | |||
Received hydroxychloroquine | ||||||
No | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 2.14 | 0.24 to 19.06 | 0.49 | |||
AMS | ||||||
<4 | ||||||
≥4 | 1.44 | 0.64 to 3.21 | 0.38 | |||
LLDAS | ||||||
No | 1 | |||||
Yes | 0.97 | 0.40 to 2.32 | 0.94 | |||
Flare | ||||||
No | 1 | |||||
Yes | 0.67 | 0.15 to 2.98 | 0.60 | |||
Baseline SDI | ||||||
0 | 1.00 | |||||
>0 | 4.34 | 1.80 to 10.48 | <0.01 | 3.36 | 1.32 to 8.59 | 0.01 |
Change in SDI | ||||||
0 | 1.00 | |||||
>0 | 2.34 | 1.02 to 5.36 | 0.04 | 1.93 | 0.77 to 4.87 | 0.16 |
AMS, time-adjusted mean Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000; LLDAS, lupus low disease activity state; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SDI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Disease Index.;