All patients n=49 413 | ||
Age (mean, SD) | 50.1 | 14.0 |
Female, n (%) | 44 546 | (90.2) |
Geographic region, n (%) | ||
Northeast | 9926 | (20.1) |
North Central | 9858 | (20.0) |
South | 20 469 | (41.4) |
West | 8678 | (17.6) |
Unknown | 482 | (1.0) |
Payer, n (%) | ||
Commercial | 42 151 | (85.3) |
Medicare supplemental | 7262 | (14.7) |
Duration of follow-up in days (mean, SD) | 1317 | 691 |
Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index (mean, SD) | 1.2 | 1.4 |
Incident SLE*, n (%) | 31 900 | (64.6) |
Clinical conditions, n (%) | ||
Anaemia | 7366 | (14.9) |
Autoimmune thyroid disorders | 933 | (1.9) |
Cardiac disease | 14 745 | (29.8) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 2704 | (5.5) |
Chronic renal disease | 3749 | (7.6) |
Hypertension | 17 790 | (36.0) |
Myositis/myalgia (excluding fibromyalgia) | 969 | (2.0) |
Nephritis | 1808 | (3.7) |
Ophthalmological disorders | 15 751 | (31.9) |
Osteoporosis | 2502 | (5.1) |
Proteinuria | 196 | (0.4) |
Pulmonary disease | 10 956 | (22.2) |
Raynaud’s syndrome | 2211 | (4.5) |
Sjögren’s syndrome | 3316 | (6.7) |
Chronic pain conditions†, n (%) | 26 582 | (53.8) |
Depression | 6302 | (12.8) |
Fibromyalgia | 7401 | (15.0) |
Migraine | 7879 | (15.9) |
Osteoarthritis | 8786 | (17.8) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 7529 | (15.2) |
Symptomatic pain‡, n (%) | 26 989 | (54.6) |
*‘Incident SLE’ is defined as patients without any non-diagnostic medical claims for SLE during the preperiod.
†Other chronic pain conditions were found in fewer than 2.5% of the sample: ankylosing spondylitis, chronic pain syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, complex region pain syndrome, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis, gout, interstitial cystitis, osteomyelitis, postherpetic neuralgia, sickle cell disease, trigeminal neuralgia and other disorders of peripheral nervous system associated with neuropathic pain.
‡Symptomatic pain conditions were those identified from codes which identified the type of pain rather than codes for conditions which cause pain. Symptomatic pain included abdominal pain, acute pain, chest pain, chronic pain, generalised pain, myofascial pain and psychogenic pain.