Cumulative prevalence of disease manifestations used for classification by the American College of Rheumatology and their association by age and sex-adjusted ORs to strata of cumulative pack-years of smoking in 485 patients with SLE
| Cumulative prevalence, n (%) | Never smokers, reference | Ever smokers, OR (95% CI)† | P value (trend)† | |||
| 0 pack-years, n=236 (49%) | >0–10 pack-years, n=143 (30%) | >10–20 pack-years, n=49 (10%) | >20 pack-years, n=57 (11%) | |||
| Malar rash | 278 (57) | 1 | 1.21 (0.79 to 1.85) | 0.56 (0.30 to 1.05) | 0.93 (0.50 to 1.72) | 0.17 |
| Photosensitivity | 244 (50) | 1 | 1.03 (0.67 to 1.58) | 1.31 (0.69 to 2.49) | 2.19 (1.12 to 4.26)* | 0.13 |
| Discoid rash | 51 (11) | 1 | 0.74 (0.33 to 1.68) | 1.59 (0.63 to 4.03) | 2.22 (1.00 to 4.95)* | 0.10 |
| Oral ulcers | 161 (33) | 1 | 1.22 (0.79 to 1.88) | 0.82 (0.41 to 1.61) | 0.76 (0.38 to 1.50) | 0.51 |
| Non-erosive arthritis | 391 (81) | 1 | 0.95 (0.54 to 1.68) | 0.31 (0.15 to 0.61)** | 0.45 (0.21 to 0.94)* | 0.003 |
| Serositis | 172 (35) | 1 | 0.87 (0.56 to 1.35) | 1.02 (0.54 to 0.94) | 0.72 (0.38 to 1.36) | 0.72 |
| Pleuritis | 141 (29) | 1 | 0.78 (0.49 to 1.24) | 1.01 (0.52 to 1.96) | 0.64 (0.32 to 1.28) | 0.49 |
| Pericarditis | 85 (18) | 1 | 1.00 (0.57 to 1.74) | 1.17 (0.54 to 2.55) | 0.83 (0.37 to 1.85) | 0.93 |
| Renal disorder | 198 (41) | 1 | 0.85 (0.55 to 1.30) | 0.52 (0.26 to 1.01) | 0.40 (0.20 to 0.81)* | 0.034 |
| Neurological disorder | 43 (9) | 1 | 0.96 (0.42 to 2.15) | 1.88 (0.70 to 5.09) | 3.16 (1.26 to 7.96)* | 0.063 |
| Seizures | 33 (7) | 1 | 0.81 (0.32 to 2.07) | 1.40 (0.44 to 4.48) | 2.57 (0.94 to 7.04) | 0.22 |
| Psychosis | 12 (2) | 1 | 0.96 (0.22 to 4.10) | 2.33 (0.43 to 12.6) | 2.60 (0.43 to 15.8) | 0.60 |
| Haematological disorder | 355 (73) | 1 | 0.78 (0.48 to 1.27) | 0.62 (0.31 to 1.24) | 0.40 (0.20 to 0.77)* | 0.047 |
| Haemolytic anaemia | 51 (11) | 1 | 0.47 (0.22 to 0.99)* | 0.57 (0.19 to 1.71) | 0.67 (0.23 to 1.91) | 0.21 |
| Leucopenia | 162 (33) | 1 | 0.86 (0.56 to 1.34) | 0.72 (0.36 to 1.41) | 0.55 (0.27 to 1.15) | 0.38 |
| Lymphopenia | 267 (55) | 1 | 0.64 (0.42 to 0.98)* | 0.37 (0.19 to 0.70)** | 0.63 (0.34 to 1.18) | 0.010 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 127 (26) | 1 | 1.13 (0.71 to 1.80) | 1.16 (0.58 to 2.31) | 0.74 (0.35 to 1.58) | 0.73 |
| Immunological disorder | 426 (88) | 1 | 0.91 (0.45 to 1.86) | 0.51 (0.22 to 1.21) | 0.78 (0.33 to 1.82) | 0.48 |
| Anti-dsDNA antibodies | 384 (79) | 1 | 1.01 (0.58 to 1.74) | 0.40 (0.20 to 0.78)* | 0.68 (0.33 to 1.38) | 0.29 |
| Anti-Smith antibodies | 59 (12) | 1 | 1.05 (0.54 to 2.02) | 1.87 (0.79 to 4.40) | 1.11 (0.40 to 3.09) | 0.54 |
| Antiphospholipid antibodies | 186 (38) | 1 | 0.61 (0.40 to 0.94)* | 0.99 (0.53 to 1.85) | 0.93 (0.50 to 1.72) | 0.81 |
| ANA‡ | 479 (99) | NA | ||||
Values in bold are considered significant.
*P<0.05; **p<0.005.
†Logistic regression adjusting for age and sex.
‡Composite ANA: positive in the presence of either anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith or ANA (immunofluorescence or equivalent assay) at any point in time.
dsDNA, double stranded DNA; NA, not applicable.