Pregnancies (n) | SLE | Primary APS | ||
Pathway N=16 | Historical N=43 | Pathway N=25 | Historical N=28 | |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Age at conception* | 33 (31–35) | 32 (27–34) | 31 (30–37) | 30 (28–34) |
Caucasian | 11 (68.8) | 29 (67.4) | 18 (72.0) | 14 (50.0) |
Smoking during pregnancy | 1 (6.3) | 1 (2.3) | 3 (12.0) | 3 (10.7) |
BMI (kg/m2)* | 24.9 (23.2–29.2) | 23.5 (21.5–25.8) | 26.2 (21.4–31.6) | 25.9 (19.6–28.3) |
Chronic hypertension | 4 (25.0) | 6 (14.0) | 2 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Obstetric characteristics | ||||
Nulliparous | 12 (75.0) | 21 (48.8) | 17 (68.0) | 12 (42.9) |
Singleton pregnancy | 16 (100.0) | 42 (97.7) | 24 (96.0) | 27 (96.4) |
History of miscarriage | 2 (12.5) | 9 (20.9) | 22 (88.0)† | 16 (57.1) |
History of pre-eclampsia | 2 (12.5) | 7 (16.3) | 4 (16.0) | 6 (21.4) |
Specific APS history | ||||
Thrombotic APS | 3 (18.8) | 1 (2.3) | 78 (32.0) | 12 (42.9) |
Obstetric APS | 1 (6.3) | 1 (2.3) | 14 (56.0)† | 5 (17.9) |
Thrombotic and obstetric APS | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (12.0)† | 11 (39.3) |
History of thromboembolic events | 4 (25.0) | 6 (14.0) | 10 (40.0)† | 23 (82.1) |
Lupus anticoagulant | 5 (31.3) | 3 (7.0) | 15 (60.0) | 23 (82.1) |
Anticardiolipin antibodies | 4 (25.0)† | 0 (0.0) | 10 (40.0)† | 24 (85.7) |
Anti-β2-glycoprotein-I antibodies | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (48.0) | 14 (77.8) |
Number of positive aPL tests | ||||
1 | 6 (37.5)† | 3 (7.0) | 14 (56.0)† | 5 (17.9) |
2 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (40.0) | 11 (39.3) |
3 | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0)† | 12 (42.9) |
Specific SLE history | ||||
Duration SLE disease (years)* | 9 (6–11) | 9 (4–12) | – | – |
SLICC damage index* | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | – | – |
EULAR/ACR criteria* | 23 (12–38)† | 17 (10–22) | – | – |
Secondary APS | 4 (25.0)† | 2 (4.7) | – | – |
Serological Active Clinically Quiescent | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Clinically active SLE <6 months before | 1 (6.3) | 4 (9.3) | – | – |
History of LN | 10 (62.5) | 20 (46.5) | – | – |
I | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.7) | – | – |
II | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | – | – |
III | 2 (12.5) | 3 (7.0) | – | – |
IV | 5 (31.3) | 9 (20.9) | – | – |
V | 2 (12.5) | 5 (11.6) | – | – |
ANA | 14 (87.5) | 29 (67.4) | – | – |
Anti-Ro/SS-A | 11 (68.7) | 23 (53.5) | – | – |
Anti-La/SS-B | 4 (25.0) | 13 (30.2) | – | – |
Anti-dsDNA | 7 (43.8) | 18 (41.9) | – | – |
Low C3 before pregnancy‡ | 8 (50.0) | 8 (18.6) | – | – |
Low C4 before pregnancy‡ | 4 (25.0) | 3 (7.0) | – | – |
Medication before pregnancy | ||||
Only HCQ or no immunosuppressants | 3 (18.8) | 21 (48.8) | 25 (100.0) | 28 (100.0) |
Corticosteroid | 11 (68.8) | 18 (41.9) | – | – |
Dose in mg* | 10.0 (7.5–10.0)† | 5 (4.4–8.1) | ||
Hydroxychloroquine | 16 (100.0)† | 25 (58.1) | 2 (8.0) | 1 (3.6) |
Dose in mg* | 350 (200–400) | 400 (200–400) | 400 (400–400) | 400 (400–400) |
Tacrolimus | 7 (43.8)† | 1 (2.3) | – | – |
Dose in mg* | 6 (4–6) | 3 (3) | ||
Azathioprine | 7 (43.8) | 14 (32.6) | – | – |
Dose in mg* | 150 (100–150) | 100 (50–125) | ||
Medication in pregnancy | ||||
LMWH | 4 (25.0)† | 4 (9.3) | 21 (84.0) | 20 (71.4) |
Acetylsalicylic acid | 16 (100.0)† | 22 (51.2) | 21 (84.0)† | 16 (57.1) |
Data depicted as numbers (%) unless otherwise specified.
*Median (IQR).
†Shows a significant difference with two-sided α<0.05.
‡Low C3 defined as <0.9 g/L and low C4 defined as <95 mg/L
ACR, American College of Rheumatology; aPL, antiphospholipid antibodies; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; BMI, body mass index; dsDNA, double stranded DNA; EULAR, European League Against Rheumatism; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; ; LN, lupus nephritis; SLICC, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics; triple-positive, positivity for lupus anticoagulant+anticardiolipin+anti-β2-glycoprotein 1.