Table 3

Impact of remission on damage

Authors	Patients	Follow-up years	Remission							Impact
Authors	Patients	Follow-up years	Disease activity index	Immunological activity	PGA	PDN daily dose	IS use	AM use	Minimal duration	Impact
Polachek et al7	620	4	SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	NR	Not allowed	Not allowed	Allowed	1 year	∆SDI: 0.1 vs 0.2 (remission vs LDA only) at year 2; p=0.18
Zen et al16*	293	7	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	1 year	1 year (reference <1 year) OR 0.947, p=0.946
Zen et al16*	293	7	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	2 years	2 years (reference <1 year) OR 0.228, p=0.028
Zen et al16*	293	7	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	3 years	3 years (reference <1 year) OR 0.116, p=0.001
Zen et al16*	293	7	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	4 years	4 years (reference <1 year) OR 0.118, p=0.005
Zen et al16*	293	7	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	≥5 years (reference <1 year) OR 0.044, p<0.001
Ugarte-Gil et al14*	1350	2.4	SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	At least once	New damage (reference active) HR 0.60, p=0.0042
Ugarte-Gil et al14*	1350	2.4	SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	At least once	New damage non-GC (reference active) HR 0.51, p=0.0006
Ugarte-Gil et al14*	1350	2.4	SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	At least once	New severe damage non-GC (reference active) HR 0.31, p=0.0101
Ugarte-Gil et al14*	1350	2.4	SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	At least once	New damage GC (reference active) HR 0.99, p=0.9697
Tsang-A-Sjoe et al15	183	5	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	Prolonged remission (5 years) OR=0.20, p=0.001
Mok et al3	769	NR	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	No remission or remission <5 years OR damage 2.42, p<0.001
Petri et al18*	1356	NR	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	NR	Less than 25% RR 0.54, p<0.0001, 25%–50% on remission RR 0.47, p<0.0001, 50%–75% RR 0.43, p<0.0001, >=75%, RR 0.45, p=0.0019 (reference not remission)
Petri et al18*	1356	NR	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	0	Allowed	Allowed	NR	Less than 25% RR 0.60, p<0.0001, 25%–50% on remission RR 0.66, p=0.023, 50%–75% RR 0.63, p=0.035, >=75%, RR=0.58, p=0.12 (reference not remission)
Golder et al27*	1707	2.2	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	0	Allowed	Allowed	NR	HR 0.64, p=0.020 (>=50% vs <50%)
Golder et al27*	1707	2.2	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	0	Not allowed	Allowed	NR	HR 0.60, p=0.022 (>=50% vs <50%)
Golder et al27*	1707	2.2	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	NR	HR 0.49, p<0.0001 (>=50% vs <50%)
Golder et al27*	1707	2.2	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Not allowed	Allowed	NR	HR 0.58, p=0.0005 (>=50% vs <50%)
Golder et al2727*	1707	2.2	C-SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	<0.5	0	Allowed	Allowed	NR	HR 0.62, p=0.076 (>=50% vs <50%)
Golder et al27*	1707	2.2	C-SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	<0.5	0	Not allowed	Allowed	NR	HR 0.59, p=0.083 (>=50% vs <50%)
Golder et al27*	1707	2.2	C-SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	NR	HR 0.63, p=0.0083 (>=50% vs <50%)
Golder et al27*	1707	2,2	C-SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	<0.5	<=5	Not allowed	Allowed	NR	HR 0.65, p=0.043 (>=50% vs <50%)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	1 year	OR 0.952 (p=0.828)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	2 years	OR 0.858 (p=0.471)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	3 years	OR 0.912 (p=0.668)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	4 years	OR 0.391 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	OR 0.620 (p=0.010)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	1 year	OR 0.808 (p=0.185)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	2 years	OR 0.560 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	3 years	OR 0.427 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	4 years	OR 0.226 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	OR 0.377 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	1 year	OR 0.766 (p=0.119)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	2 years	OR 0.454 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	3 years	OR 0.512 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	4 years	OR 0.173 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	Allowed	Allowed	Allow ed	5 years	OR 0.382 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	1 year	OR 0.764 (p=0.101)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	2 years	OR 0.495 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	3 years	OR 0.430 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	4 years	OR 0.294 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	Any	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	OR 0.363 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	1 year	OR 0.857 (p=0.326)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	2 years	OR 0.514 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	3 years	OR 0.459 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	4 years	OR 0.243 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	OR 0.397 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	1 year	OR 0.888 (p<0.471)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	2 years	OR 0.497 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	3 years	OR 0.548 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	4 years	OR 0.251 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	Any	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	OR 0.411 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	1 year	OR 0.800 (p=0.167)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	2 years	OR 0.479 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	3 years	OR 0.438 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	4 years	OR 0.296 (p<0.001)
Saccon et al35*	646	5 years	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Allowed	Allowed	5 years	OR 0.384 (p<0.001)
Jakez-Ocampo et al36	NR (case control)	NR	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	NR	Not allowed	Not allowed	Not allowed	10 years	Remission group: 0.68±0.67, control group 1.05±0.87 (p=0.016). No difference between those on remission with or without serological activity.
Floris et al34	116	1.5	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	Allowed	Allowed	Allowed	NR	OR=0.07, p=0.015
Nikfar et al37	193	8	C-SLEDAI=0	Allowed	<0.5	<=5	Not allowed	Allowed	5 years	OR=0.62, p=0.047

*If an article included more than one definition, a row per definition is included.
AM, antimalarials; C-SLEDAI, Clinical Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; IS, immunosuppressive drug; LDAS, low disease activity status; LLDAS, lupus low disease activity state; NR, not reported; PDN, prednisone; PGA, Physician Global Assessment.;