Table 2

Impact of remission and LDA on mortality*

Authors	Patients	Follow-up years	Remission							Impact
Authors	Patients	Follow-up years	Disease activity index	Immunological activity	PGA	PDN daily dose	IS use	AM use	Minimal duration	Impact
Drenkard et al4	667	11.6	Lack of clinical disease activity (no formal index was used)	Allowed	NR	Not allowed	Not allowed	Not allowed	1 year	HR 0.08, p<0.001
Medina-Quiñones et al5	532	12	BILAG C, D, E	Not allowed	NR	0	Not allowed	Allowed	3 years	5% vs 17.7% (not on remission), p<0.001
Polachek et al7	620	4	SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	NR	Not allowed	Not allowed	Allowed	1 year	Remission vs LDA: 0.5% vs 2.5%, p=0.15 year 2
Ugarte-Gil et al14	1350	2.4	SLEDAI=0	Not allowed	NR	≤5	Allowed	Allowed	At least once	Mortality (reference active) HR 0.56, p=0.2623

Authors	Patients	Follow-up years	LDA								Impact
Authors	Patients	Follow-up years	Disease activity index	Exclusion of new activity	Major organ exclusion	PGA	Prednisone daily dose	IS drug use	Antimalarial use	Minimal duration	Impact
Polachek et al7	620	4	SLEDAI<=2	Yes	No	NR	Not allowed	Not allowed	Allowed	1	Remission+LDA vs active 1.4% vs 6.9, p=0.02 (year 2), 3.6% vs 13.3%, p=0.004
Ugarte-Gil et al14	1350	2.4	SLEDAI<=4	No	No	NR	<=7.5	Allowed	Allowed	At least once	Excluding remission. Mortality (reference active) HR 0.81, p=0.6476
Alarcon et al2020	558	NR	SLAM<=3	No	No	NR	<=7.5	Not allowed	Allowed	NR	Duration on LDAS RR 0.303, p=0.1360
Sharma et al40	206	10	SLEDAI<=4	Yes	Yes	NR	<=7.5	Allowed	Allowed	50%	HR 0.31, p<0.01
Sharma et al40	206	10	SLEDAI<=4	Yes	Yes	NR	<=7.5	Allowed	Allowed	30%	HR 0.36, p<0.05
Sharma et al40	206	10	SLEDAI<=4	Yes	Yes	NR	<=7.5	Allowed	Allowed	70%	HR 0.25, p<0.01

*If an article included more than one definition, a row per definition is included.
AM, antimalarials; IS, immunosuppressive drug; LDA, low disease activity; LDAS, low disease activity status; NR, not reported; PDN, prednisone; PGA, Physician Global Assessment; RR, risk ratio; SLAM, Systemic Lupus Activity Measure; SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.