Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
n=591 | n=422 | n=386 | n=411 | n=602 | ||||||
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
ISD | ||||||||||
ISD | 11.90 (4.01 to 35.40) | <0.0001 | 14.68 (4.47 to 48.20) | <0.0001 | 7.08 (2.42 to 20.64) | <0.0001 | 31 465.05 (121.41 to 8 311 028) | <0.0001 | 13.89 (4.86 to 39.73) | <0.0001 |
1/10th ISD | 1.28 (1.15 to 1.43) | 1.31 (1.16 to 1.47) | 1.21 (1.09 to 1.35) | 2.82 (1.62 to 4.92) | 1.30 (1.17 to 1.45) | |||||
Anxiety or depression | ||||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 1.13 (0.48 to 2.70) | 0.77 | 1.01 (0.42 to 2.43) | 0.98 | 1.40 (0.56 to 3.53) | 0.47 | 1.09 (0.29 to 4.08) | 0.90 | 1.18 (0.49 to 2.87) | 0.71 |
Socioeconomic status (in quintiles) | ||||||||||
Lowest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Medium-low | 1.24 (0.32 to 4.85) | 0.76 | 0.84 (0.20 to 3.52) | 0.81 | 0.65 (0.15 to 2.83) | 0.56 | 0.62 (0.07 to 5.46) | 0.67 | 1.13 (0.29 to 4.42) | 0.86 |
Middle | 0.58 (0.15 to 2.28) | 0.44 | 0.61 (0.15 to 2.47) | 0.49 | 0.42 (0.10 to 1.84) | 0.25 | 0.80 (0.10 to 6.54) | 0.84 | 0.50 (0.13 to 1.96) | 0.32 |
Medium-high | 1.05 (0.25 to 4.39) | 0.95 | 0.90 (0.21 to 3.82) | 0.88 | 1.05 (0.23 to 4.72) | 0.95 | 0.42 (0.05 to 3.77) | 0.44 | 0.88 (0.21 to 3.68) | 0.86 |
Highest | 0.63 (0.14 to 2.86) | 0.55 | 0.85 (0.18 to 4.03) | 0.84 | 0.96 (0.19 to 4.89) | 0.96 | 0.55 (0.05 to 5.68) | 0.62 | 0.51 (0.11 to 2.33) | 0.38 |
Education level | ||||||||||
Eighth grade | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
High school | 1.26 (0.09 to 17.36) | 0.86 | 0.74 (0.05 to 10.86) | 0.83 | 0.98 (0.06 to 15.78) | 0.99 | 0.40 (0.003 to 56.83) | 0.72 | 2.74 (0.19 to 38.82) | 0.46 |
College | 0.77 (0.06 to 9.83) | 0.84 | 0.57 (0.04 to 7.95) | 0.68 | 0.40 (0.03 to 6.32) | 0.52 | 0.24 (0.002 to 28.91) | 0.56 | 1.72 (0.13 to 22.06) | 0.68 |
University | 0.49 (0.04 to 6.25) | 0.59 | 0.45 (0.03 to 6.09) | 0.55 | 0.36 (0.02 to 5.49) | 0.46 | 0.28 (0.002 to 34.24) | 0.60 | 1.11 (0.09 to 14.01) | 0.93 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||
Black | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
White | 0.077 (0.02 to 0.28) | <0.0001 | 0.087 (0.02 to 0.34) | <0.0001 | 0.080 (0.02 to 0.35) | 0.001 | 0.047 (0.005 to 0.46) | 0.01 | 0.076 (0.02 to 0.28) | <0.0001 |
Chinese | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.89) | 0.04 | 0.23 (0.04 to 1.26) | 0.09 | 0.18 (0.03 to 1.06) | 0.06 | 0.48 (0.04 to 6.56) | 0.58 | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.88) | 0.04 |
Others | 0.21 (0.05 to 0.95) | 0.04 | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.82) | 0.03 | 0.16 (0.03 to 0.95) | 0.04 | 0.11 (0.009 to 1.33) | 0.08 | 0.24 (0.05 to 1.06) | 0.06 |
Employment | ||||||||||
Employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Retired | 2.52 (0.11 to 59.05) | 0.57 | (empty) | (empty) | 2.98 (0.04 to 207.72) | 0.62 | 2.49 (0.10 to 59.12) | 0.57 | ||
Home maker | 1.26 (0.19 to 8.51) | 0.81 | 1.82 (0.29 to 11.30) | 0.52 | 1.77 (0.28 to 11.41) | 0.55 | 3.98 (0.24 to 65.0) | 0.33 | 1.50 (0.22 to 10.39) | 0.68 |
Student | 0.37 (0.07 to 2.05) | 0.25 | 0.41 (0.08 to 2.13) | 0.29 | 0.28 (0.05 to 1.60) | 0.15 | 4.59 (0.35 to 60.98) | 0.25 | 0.45 (0.08 to 2.42) | 0.35 |
Disabled | 2.36 (0.72 to 7.74) | 0.16 | 2.72 (0.80 to 9.20) | 0.11 | 1.93 (0.51 to 7.31) | 0.34 | 8.57 (1.19 to 61.80) | 0.03 | 2.13 (0.66 to 6.89) | 0.20 |
Sick leave | 2.52 (0.32 to 19.75) | 0.38 | 3.05 (0.33 to 28.32) | 0.33 | 2.34 (0.25 to 22.23) | 0.46 | 1.94 (0.07 to 51.08) | 0.69 | 5.26 (0.66 to 6.89) | 0.14 |
Looking for work | 5.30 (0.33 to 85.33) | 0.24 | 10.66 (0.37 to 303.58) | 0.17 | 10.76 (0.37 to 310.94) | 0.17 | 0.26 (0.006 to 12.14) | 0.50 | 8.44 (0.48 to 147.68) | 0.14 |
Others | 1.86 (0.09 to 38.80) | 0.69 | 0.17 (0.002 to 12.91) | 0.42 | 0.19 (0.003 to 11.42) | 0.43 | 3.82 (0.05 to 283.93) | 0.54 | 3.29 (0.18 to 58.81) | 0.42 |
SLEDAI-2KG | – | – | – | – | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.36 |
Model 1 omits the high leverage points of the ISD score variable, defined as ISD scores above the 98th percentile. Model 2 is a complete case analysis with the chosen 17 tests, omitting the manual motor speed domain. Model 3 is a complete case analysis with the original 19 tests, including the manual motor speed domain. Model 4 involves redefining levels of the dependent variable by restricting non-CD to z-scores >−1.5 in all domains, thereby excluding patient assessments with a z-score of ≤−1.5 in only one domain (mild CD; n= 211). Model 5 includes SLEDAI-2KG as a covariate in the model.
CD, cognitive dysfunction; ISD, intraindividual SD; SLEDAI-2KG, SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 Glucocorticoid Index.