Association of plaque progression at 5-year follow-up* and baseline cardiovascular risk factors in cases
| Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |||
| OR‡ | 95% CI | OR‡ | 95% CI | |
| Traditional risk factors | ||||
| Age, years | 2.01 | 1.37 to 2.97§ | – | – |
| Hypertension, yes/no | 2.60 | 1.26 to 5.37§ | – | – |
| Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio | 1.28 | 0.91 to 1.80 | – | – |
| Lipoprotein(a), mg/dL | 1.23 | 0.88 to 1.72 | 1.12 | 0.77 to 1.63 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 1.79 | 1.25 to 2.57§ | 1.62 | 1.07 to 2.45§ |
| Current smoking status, yes/no | 2.80 | 0.89 to 8.85 | 2.09 | 0.63 to 6.89 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 2.11 | 1.22 to 3.64§ | 1.63 | 0.96 to 2.74 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 1.62 | 1.13 to 2.31§ | 1.42 | 0.95 to 2.14 |
| GFR, mL/min | 0.71 | 0.50 to 1.02 | 1.04 | 0.68 to 1.59 |
| Homocysteine, mg/dL | 1.30 | 0.93 to 1.82 | 1.07 | 0.74 to 1.56 |
| SLE-related factors | ||||
| Modified ACR/SLICC-DI | 1.33 | 0.94 to 1.87 | 1.09 | 0.72 to 1.63 |
| SLEDAI-2K | 1.08 | 0.79 to 1.47 | 1.19 | 0.83 to 1.70 |
| Disease duration, years | 1.57 | 1.11 to 2.22§ | 1.45 | 0.99 to 2.12 |
| C3, mg/dL | 1.34 | 0.94 to 1.90 | 1.02 | 0.68 to 1.53 |
| C4, mg/dL | 1.32 | 0.93 to 1.87 | 1.01 | 0.68 to 1.49 |
| Corticosteroid dose, mg | 1.21 | 0.70 to 2.09 | 1.25 | 0.64 to 2.41 |
| Anti-dsDNA level | 0.85 | 0.57 to 1.27 | 0.82 | 0.54 to 1.23 |
| GFR <50%, yes/no | 2.22 | 0.30 to 16.28 | 1.72 | 0.22 to 13.27 |
| ESRD, yes/no | 3.41 | 0.55 to 21.13 | 5.11 | 0.77 to 33.88 |
| Proteinuria, yes/no | 1.09 | 0.19 to 6.17 | 1.17 | 0.18 to 7.63 |
| Current medication use, yes vs no | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 0.43 | 0.20 to 0.93§ | 0.38 | 0.16 to 0.90§ |
| Oestrogen | 2.80 | 0.89 to 8.85 | 1.95 | 0.57 to 6.71 |
| Statin | 1.91 | 0.55 to 6.59 | 1.23 | 0.30 to 5.00 |
| Aspirin | 1.04 | 0.45 to 2.43 | 0.94 | 0.37 to 2.38 |
| Corticosteroid | 1.25 | 0.62 to 2.52 | 1.74 | 0.77 to 3.93 |
| Immunosuppressant¶ | 1.19 | 0.58 to 2.43 | 1.14 | 0.50 to 2.60 |
Modified ACR/SLICC-DI excluding coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial infarction, stroke and angina.
*Change from baseline to 5 years.
†Adjusted for age, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio and presence of hypertension.
‡OR calculated for a 1 SD increase in risk factor for continuous variables.
§Statistically significant at p<0.05.
¶Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, ciclosporin or tacrolimus.
ACR/SLICC-DI, American College of Rheumatology Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index; Anti-dsDNA, Anti-double stranded DNA; ESRD, End stage renal disease; GFR, Glomerular filtration rate; SLEDAI-2K, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000.