Association of intima media thickness progression at 5-year follow-up* and baseline cardiovascular risk factors in cases
| Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |||
| β‡ (×10−4 mm/year) | 95% CI (×10−4 mm/year) | β‡ (×10−4 mm/year) | 95% CI (×10−4 mm/year) | |
| Traditional risk factors | ||||
| Age, years | −0.7770 | −1.9797 to 0.4257 | – | – |
| Hypertension, yes/no | −82.4 | −329.1 to 164.3 | – | – |
| Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio | 29.1 | −32.5 to 90.6 | – | – |
| Lipoprotein(a), yes/no | 0.0607 | −0.0104 to 0.1319 | 0.0606 | −0.0126 to 0.1338 |
| Current smoking status, yes/no | −382.6 | −815.4 to 50.2 | −369.2 | −808.1 to 69.7 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 0.4991 | 0.1461 to 0.8520§ | 0.5475 | 0.1825 to 0.9124§ |
| Waist circumference, cm | 0.3597 | −0.0246 to 7.440 | 0.3996 | −0.0293 to 0.8286 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 0.0512 | −0.1025 to 0.0002 | −0.0634 | −0.1196 to −0.0072 |
| GFR, mL/min | 338.0 | −2012.0 to 2687.0 | −419.0 | −3106.0 to 2269.0 |
| Homocysteine, mg/dL | 2.3715 | −5.1021 to 9.8450 | 3.3805 | −4.4866 to 11.2 |
| CRP, mg/dL | −0.8192 | −2.8508 to 1.2124 | −1.0197 | −3.1061 to 1.0667 |
| SLE-related factors | ||||
| Modified ACR/SLICC-DI | −6.9459 | −35.1 to 21.2 | −8.8293 | −40.0 to 22.3 |
| SLEDAI-2K | 12.9 | 0.0583 to 25.7 | 11.7 | −1.9798 to 25.3 |
| Disease duration, years | −0.2510 | −1.9210 to 1.4191 | 0.0456 | −1.7016 to 1.7928 |
| C3, mg/dL | 0.0431 | −0.1082 to 0.1944 | 0.0526 | −0.1134 to 0.2186 |
| C4, mg/dL | −1.0103 | −2.5722 to 0.5515 | −1.1131 | −2.8064 to 0.5803 |
| Corticosteroid dose, mg | −0.0740 | −1.854 to 1.706 | −0.1526 | −1.9703 to 1.6650 |
| Anti-dsDNA level | 0.000338 | −0.00337 to 0.00404 | 0.000231 | −0.0035 to 0.0004 |
| GFR <50%, yes/no | −552.3 | −1310.4 to 205.8 | −575.4 | −1346.0 to 196.1 |
| ESRD, yes/no | −56.0 | −603.3 to 491.4 | −127.4 | −691.5 to 436.8 |
| Proteinuria, yes/no | −343.0 | −968.2 to 282.2 | −410.6 | −1060.2 to 239.1 |
| Current medication use | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | −148.4 | −433.0 to 136.2 | −135.0 | −422.6 to 152.6 |
| Oestrogen | −1.7 | −439.0 to 435.5 | 37.7 | −410.5 to 485.9 |
| Statin | 163.5 | −307.7 to 634.7 | 221.5 | −268.1 to 711.1 |
| Aspirin | −33.4 | −337.3 to 270.6 | −46.6 | −353.0 to 259.8 |
| Corticosteroid | −11.4 | −264.5 to 24.7 | −56.4 | −320.1 to 207.3 |
| Immunosuppressant¶ | −154.9 | −411.4 to 101.6 | −210.7 | −486.4 to 65.0 |
Modified ACR/SLICC-DI excluding coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial infarction, stroke and angina.
*Change from baseline to 5 years.
†Adjusted for age, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio and presence of hypertension.
‡β-coefficient calculated for a 1 SD increase in risk factor for continuous variables.
§Statistically significant at p<0.05.
¶Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, ciclosporin or tacrolimus.
ACR/SLICC-DI, American College of Rheumatology Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index; Anti-dsDNA, Anti-double stranded DNA; CRP, C reactive protein; ESRD, End stage renal disease; GFR, Glomerular filtration rate; SLEDAI-2K, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000.