Table 4

Association between flares and health-related quality of life; univariable models

	Physical health		Pain		Planning		Intimate relationship		Burden to others		Emotional health		Body image		Fatigue
	B (SE)	p value	B (SE)	p value	B (SE)	p value	B (SE)	p value	B (SE)	p value	B (SE)	p value	B (SE)	p value	B (SE)	p value
Flares
Severe	−11.3 (6.5)	0.084	−21.3 (7.7)	0.006	−14.9 (7.0)	0.032	1.0 (12.5)	0.939	−11.0 (8.4)	0.190	−20.9 (6.4)	0.001	−14.0 (7.8)	0.075	−13.3 (6.1)	0.029
Mild-moderate	−0.6 (2.3)	0.797	−4.7 (2.8)	0.095	−3.7 (2.9)	0.208	−5.3 (4.4)	0.232	−2.9 (3.3)	0.384	2.9 (2.7)	0.269	3.2 (3.3)	0.341	−0.4 (2.7)	0.876
No flares	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Male sex	6.8 (4.4)	0.124	6.7 (4.4)	0.130	3.5 (5.1)	0.489	12.1 (8.6)	0.157	0.4 (6.7)	0.951	2.5 (6.4)	0.703	3.2 (6.1)	0.604	3.6 (6.1)	0.549
Age at diagnosis, years	−0.4 (0.1)	<0.001	−0.4 (0.1=	<0.001	−0.4 (0.1)	<0.001	−0.9 (0.2)	<0.001	−0.1 (0.1)	0.303	−0.3 (0.1)	0.002	−0.3 (0.1)	0.037	−0.3 (0.1)	0.013
Socioeconomic status
High	11.7 (3.9)	0.003	11.0 (3.9)	0.005	12.0 (3.8)	0.002	19.5 (5.4)	<0.001	2.0 (4.8)	0.682	10.0 (4.3)	0.019	8.1 (4.4)	0.063	8.3 (4.2)	0.047
Medium	5.7 (3.9)	0.146	5.0 (4.0)	0.208	0.4 (4.1)	0.915	3.8 (5.9)	0.594	2.7 (5.0)	0.599	1.3 (4.5)	0.773	1.1 (4.6)	0.814	2.8 (4.1)	0.498
Low	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Educational level, years	1.1 (0.5)	0.012	1.1 (0.5)	0.034	1.3 (0.4)	0.002	2.7 (0.7)	<0.001	0.2 (0.5)	0.603	1.3 (0.5)	0.004	1.3 (0.5)	0.008	1.1 (0.5)	0.019
Disease duration	0.1 (0.1)	0.561	0.2 (0.2)	0.232	0.4 (0.2)	0.009	0.4 (0.3)	0.164	0.6 (0.2)	0.002	0.3 (0.2)	0.033	0.2 (0.2)	0.417	0.3 (0.2)	0.034
SDI	−3.9 (0.8)	<0.001	−2.8 (0.9)	0.002	−2.6 (0.9)	0.004	−2.4 (1.4)	0.082	−1.6 (1.0)	0.102	−0.9 (0.9)	0.315	−2.1 (1.0)	0.036	−1.1 (0.9)	0.197
Prednisone, mg/day	−0.5 (0.3)	0.138	−0.3 (0.3)	0.377	−0.6 (0.3)	0.088	0.7 (0.5)	0.181	−0.7 (0.4)	0.112	−0.3 (0.4)	0.355	0.2 (0.4)	0.568	−0.6 (0.4)	0.114
Antimalarial use
Current	−5.9 (8.0)	0.464	−4.5 (7.4)	0.541	−11.3 (6.2)	0.070	−19.1 (10.9)	0.080	−19.6 (6.3)	0.002	−10.1 (7.5)	0.178	0.2 (13.7)	0.987	−11.1 (4.9)	0.022
Past	−5.9 (8.9)	0.509	−3.3 (8.4)	0.693	−6.2 (7.3)	0.391	−14.0 (12.2)	0.253	−18.1 (7.8)	0.021	−5.4 (8.6)	0.531	−1.0 (14.5)	0.947	−10.0 (6.3)	0.117
Never	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Immunosuppressive drug use
Current	−3.6 (3.1)	0.235	−4.9 (2.9)	0.093	−4.0 (3.6)	0.257	−4–6 (5.1)	0.372	−3.0 (4.5)	0.405	1.3 (3.4)	0.709	−0.6 (4.1)	0.878	2.0 (3.7)	0.598
Past	2.4 (3.3)	0.463	3.0 (3.3)	0.367	1.4 (4.0)	0.726	−1.5 (5.9)	0.801	−2.2 (5.0)	0.657	4.9 (3.9)	0.210	−0.4 (4.8)	0.936	8.3 (4.1)	0.043
Never	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Same domain of LupusQoL	0.7 (0.0)	<0.001	0.6 (0.0)	<0.001	0.7 (0.0)	<0.001	0.6 (0.0)	<0.001	0.6 (0.0)	<0.001	0.7 (0.0)	<0.001	0.5 (0.0)	<0.001	0.7 (0.0)	<0.001

Bolded entries are those with a p-value <0.05.
LupusQoL, Lupus Quality of Life; SDI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index; SE, SE of the estimate.