Multivariate regression models of depression by stigma, social isolation and emotional support
| Factor | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | |
| Primary exposures | ||
| Stigma | −0.30 (−1.20 to 0.60) | −0.27 (−1.13 to 0.59) |
| Social isolation | 0.38 (0.16 to 0.60) | 0.37 (0.18 to 0.57) |
| Emotional support | −0.44 (−1.35 to 0.47) | −0.42 (−1.29 to 0.44) |
| Stigma*Emotional support | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) |
| Covariates | ||
| Sociodemographics | ||
| Sex (ref: male) | −1.65 (−5.72 to 2.43) | −1.74 (−5.54 to 2.06) |
| Race (ref: white) | 1.76 (−2.84 to 6.37) | 1.23 (−2.29 to 4.74) |
| Age at survey (years) | 0.07 (−0.07 to 0.22) | 0.05 (−0.07 to 0.17) |
| Education (years) | 0.34 (−0.18 to 0.85) | 0.30 (−0.18 to 0.77) |
| Marital status (ref: currently married) | ||
| Ever married | 1.42 (−2.44 to 5.29) | 1.24 (−2.25 to 4.74) |
| Never married | 5.06 (1.55 to 8.58) | 3.91 (0.69 to 7.13) |
| Work status (ref: employed) | ||
| Out of labour force | −2.24 (−6.35 to 1.86) | −2.56 (−6.24 to 1.11) |
| Unemployed/disabled | 0.14 (−3.44 to 3.72) | −0.12 (−3.39 to 3.15) |
| Disease-related factors | ||
| DLE subtype (ref: below the neck) | ||
| Above and below the neck | −0.72 (−3.85 to 2.41) | – |
| Skindex 29+3 | ||
| Symptoms | 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.13) | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.12) |
| CLE domain | 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.09) |
| Physical health (T-score) | −0.29 (−0.51 to 0.08) | −0.27 (−0.46 to 0.08) |
| Current treatment | ||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 1.53 (−1.43 to 4.49) | 1.86 (−0.82 to 4.55) |
| Local steroids | −0.09 (−3.08 to 2.90) | 0.41 (−2.31 to 3.13) |
| Systemic steroids/immunosuppressors | −1.54 (−5.09 to 2.02) | −1.78 (−5.03 to 1.47) |
| (R-Square) | 0.723 | 0.729 |
Model 1 was tested among 101 participants with DLE and Model 2 among 113 participants with any CCLE subtype; 8 DLE participants had missing data on 1 or more variables. Bolded values indicate statistical significance (95% CI no crossing 0).
b, beta coefficient; CCLE, chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus; CLE, cutaneous lupus erythematosus; DLE, discoid lupus erythematosus.