Risk Factors | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95%CI) | P-value | HR (95%CI) | P-value | |
Social Determinants of Health | ||||
Perceived stress scale (per unit ↑) | 1.23 (1.14-1.32) | <0.001 | ||
Everyday discrimination scale (per unit ↑) | 2.83 (2.05-3.90) | <0.001 | ||
Socio-Demographics | ||||
Age (per 10 years ↑) | 1.50 (1.20-1.88) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.13-1.80) | 0.002 |
Disease duration (per 5 years ↑) | 1.14 (1.01-1.29) | 0.036 | 1.11 (0.98-1.25) | 0.1 |
Female gender | 0.80 (0.27-2.36) | 0.68 | 1.19 (0.40-3.57) | 0.76 |
African American race (ref: White) | 1.27 (0.69-2.34) | 0.45 | 0.71 (0.38-1.33) | 0.29 |
Marital status (ref: Currently Married) Ever Married | 1.05 (0.65-1.71) | 0.84 | 0.94 (0.58-1.54) | 0.82 |
Never Married | 1.28 (0.74-2.21) | 0.37 | 1.07 (0.62-1.84) | 0.82 |
Work status (ref: Employed) Off work force | 1.51 (0.73-3.11) | 0.26 | 2.21 (1.08-4.52) | 0.031 |
Unemployed | 1.98 (1.02-3.85) | 0.043 | 3.00 (1.51-5.94) | 0.002 |
Insurance (ref: Private) Medicare/Medicaid | 0.71 (0.38-1.32) | 0.28 | 0.69 (0.37-1.29) | 0.25 |
None | 0.65 (0.28-1.55) | 0.34 | 0.46 (0.16-1.26) | 0.13 |
Disease Severity | ||||
Disease activity (SLAQ1, per 3 units ↑) | 0.94 (0.87-1.03) | 0.17 | 0.95 (0.87-1.03) | 0.18 |
Organ damage (BILD2, per 1 unit ↑) | 1.22 (1.10-1.35) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.11-1.37) | <0.001 |
Glucocorticoid duration(per 5 years ↑) | 1.13 (0.97-1.33) | 0.11 | 1.09 (0.93-1.28) | 0.29 |
Hydroxychloroquine | 0.88 (0.56-1.38) | 0.57 | 1.01 (0.63-1.60) | 0.98 |
CVD Traditional Risk Factors | ||||
Hypercholesterolemia | 0.86 (0.52-1.42) | 0.56 | 1.03 (0.63-1.69) | 0.91 |
Hypertension | 1.67 (1.00-2.79) | 0.051 | 1.99 (1.16-3.41) | 0.013 |
Diabetes | 0.75 (0.40-1.40) | 0.37 | 0.74 (0.40-1.38) | 0.34 |
Smoker | 0.99 (0.63-1.56) | 0.96 | 0.93 (0.59-1.48) | 0.76 |
Obesity | 1.97 (1.27-3.07) | 0.003 | 1.74 (1.10-2.76) | 0.018 |
Physical inactivity | 1.70 (0.99-2.92) | 0.054 | 1.93 (1.11-3.36) | 0.02 |
Family History | 1.11 (0.68-1.81) | 0.67 | 1.16 (0.71-1.90) | 0.56 |
1 Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire; 2 Self-Administered Brief Index of Lupus Damage. CVD=cardiovascular disease; HR=hazard ratio; CI=confidence interval.