Table 2

Gut microbiota in mouse models of lupus

Mice	Main results compared with control mice	Correlation with severity of lupus symptoms		References
Mice	Main results compared with control mice	+	–	References
MRL/lpr	↑ Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Rikenellaceae ↓ Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacterium	Lachnospiraceae Rikenellaceae	Lactobacillaceae	40
MRL/lpr	↑ Blautia, Ruminococcus torques ↓ Desulfovibrio			65
SNF1	↑ Bacteroidetes ↑Turicibacter and Lactobacillus reuteri in mice given acidic pH water Acidic pH water has accelerated nephric damage.	Bacteroidetes Rikenellaceae		79
SNF1	↓ Verrucomicrobia, Dysgonomonas ↑ Bacteroides, Parabacteroides Gender-specific difference in gut microbiota at adult age			41
MRL/lpr	↓ Lactobacillales		Lactobacillus (correct the leaky gut and improve renal function)	13
MRL/lpr	↑ Bacteroidetes ↓ Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales and Lachnospiraceae Reduction in microbial diversity Butyrate treatment ameliorates kidney damage			104
NZB/W F1	↑ Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Dehalobacterium, Oscillospira, Dorea, Bilophila and AF12 (Ruminococcaceae) ↓ Akkermansia muciniphila and Anaerostipes	Lactobacillus		46
NZW×BXSB F1	↑ Enterococcus gallinarum	E. gallinarum		68
TLR7-dependent spontaneous and induced mice	↑ L. reuteri	L. reuteri (increase plasmocytoid dendritic cell and interferon response)		47
TC lupus prone	↑Turicibacter ↓ Alistipes (Rickenellaceae) and Lactobacillus FMT from lupus mice to GF mice induces anti-dsDNA antibodies and immune response.			14
TC lupus prone	↑ Prevotellaceae, Paraprevotelle, Lactobacillus			105

↑, increased; ↓, decreased; +, positively correlated with disease, −, negatively correlated with disease.
dsDNA, anti-double stranded DNA; FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; GF, germ-free; lpr, lymphoproliferation; MRL, Murphy Roths Large; NZB/W, New Zealand black/white; SNF1, sucrose non-fermenting 1; TC, transchromosomic; TLR, toll-like receptor.