Gut microbiota in patients with SLE
| Country | Cohort (W:M) | Main results in patients with SLE compared with HCs | References |
| Spain | 20 SLE (20:0) vs 20 HCs (20:0) | ↓ F:B ratio | 53 |
| China | 45 SLE (45:0) vs 48 HCs (45:0) | ↓ F:B ↑ Rhodococcus, Eggerthella, Klebsiella, Prevotella, Eubacterium and Flavonifractor ↓ Dialister and Pseudobutyrivibrio | 54 |
| China | 92 SLE (NI) vs 217 HCs (NI) | ↑ Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria ↓ Firmicutes ↑ Ruminococcus, Klebsiella, Erysipelotrichaceae (correlation of Ruminococcus with the Treg counts in peripheral blood) ↓ Faecalibacterium | 71 |
| USA | 16 SLE (16:0) vs 11 sex-matched HCs | ↓ F:B Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron expressed anti-Ro60 antibodies | 55 |
| USA | 14 SLE (10:4) vs 17 sex-matched HCs | No difference in F:B ↑ Proteobacteria and Blautia ↓ Odoribacter | 46 |
| Netherland | 30 SLE (28:2) vs 965 sex-matched HCs | ↓ Bacterial richness ↓ F:B ↑ Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Alistipes, B. vulgatus, B. uniformis, B. ovatus and B. thetaiotaomicron | 56 |
| USA | 12 SLE (12:0) vs 22 HCs (12:0) | ↑ Lactobacillus spp | 47 |
| USA | 61 SLE (61:0) vs 17 HCs (17:0) | ↓ Bacterial richness mostly in patients with higher SLEDAI ↑ Ruminococcus gnavus, Lachnospiraceae, Veillonellaceae Anti-RG antibodies related to disease activity and lupus nephritis ↑ Faecal calprotectin levels | 64 |
| China | 14 SLE (13:1) vs 16 HCs (14:2) | ↑ Proteobacteria, Enterobacterlaceae, Streptococcus ↓ Ruminococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, Prevotella, Roseburia, Ezakiella | 58 |
| China | 40 SLE (40:0) (19 active and 21 remissive) vs 20 HCs (20:0) | ↓ F:B ↑ Streptococacceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Megasphaera ↓ Faecalibacterium and Roseburia Positive association of Streptococcus, Campylobacter and Veillonella with lupus activity Negative association of Bifidobacterium with lupus disease activity | 60 |
| China | 21 SLE (21:0) vs 10 HCs (10:0) | ↑ F:B with ↓ Bacteroidetes ↑ Proteobacteria, Enterococcaceae, Escherichia_Shigella ↓ Ruminococcaceae, Clostridia and Faecalibacterium | 106 |
| China | 17 SLE (17:0) vs 20 HCs (20:0) | Positive correlation of Bacteroides, Bilophila, Parabacteroides and Succinivibrio with the levels of proinflammatory IL-17, IL-21, IL-2R, IL-35, IFN and IL-10 ↓ Dialister, Gemmiger negatively correlated with IL-17, IL-2R and IL-35 ↓ F:B | 57 |
| China | 117 SLE vs 115 HCs | ↑ Clostridium sp ATCC BAA-442, Atopobium rimae, Shuttleworthia satelles, Actinomyces massiliensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium leptum Odoribacter splanchnicus and Akkermansia muciniphhila were highly similar to Sm antigen, Fas antigen epitopes and autoantibodies production | 65 |
| China | 33 SLE vs 28 HCs | ↑ Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriales ↓ Ruminococcaceae | 106 |
| France | 16 SLE vs 76 HCs | ↓ Tenericutes ↑ Alistipes, Flintibacter, Tannerellaceae, Parabacteroides and Alistipes onderdonkii | 107 |
↑, increased; ↓, decreased.
F:B, Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio; HC, healthy control; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; M, men; NI, no information (the sex of patients with SLE is not mentioned); RG, Ruminococcus gnavus; SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; Sm, Smith; Treg, T regulatory cell; W, women.