Table 2

Univariate analysis of clinical associations of cognitive dysfunction in SLE

	Cognitive dysfunction (all thresholds pooled)†	Severe cognitive dysfunction‡	Individual cognitive domains (tests)§
	Cognitive dysfunction (all thresholds pooled)†	Severe cognitive dysfunction‡	Visual memory	Verbal memory	Verbal fluency	Working memory	Processing speed	Complex attention	Psychomotor speed
	OR using logistic regression		Coefficient using linear regression
Age (years)	1.06**	1.07	−0.04**	−0.02	0.00	−0.01	−0.03**	−0.04**	−0.03**
Premorbid IQ (points)	0.87**	0.82**	0.07**	0.05**	0.07**	0.04**	0.04	0.07**	0.03¶
Disease duration (years)	1.04	1.05	−0.05**	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	−0.02	−0.03	−0.02
SDI	1.40	1.50	−0.35**	−0.06	−0.05	−0.10¶	−0.20**	−0.28**	−0.02
SLEDAI-2K	0.83	0.94	0.03	0.09**	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.04
Time-adjusted mean SLEDAI-2K††	0.81	0.93	0.04	0.16**	0.05	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.09
Prednisolone	0.63	0.88	0.04	0.19	0.09	0.19	0.33¶	0.29	0.30
Time-adjusted mean prednisolone dose	0.97	1.00	−0.02	0.05	−0.01	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.04
Hydroxychloroquine	0.57	0.58	−0.02	0.26	0.38	−0.23	0.04	0.41	−0.24
Mycophenolate	0.82	0.67	0.21	0.38¶	−0.02	0.72	−0.15	−0.06	0.36
Azathioprine	0.41	0.26	0.50	0.19	−0.05	0.29	0.48	0.93	0.34
Methotrexate	1.30	1.91	−0.42	−0.29	0.22	0.11	−0.42¶	−0.04	0.07
Leflunomide	0.94	4.47	−1.25	−1.00	−1.40¶	0.29	−0.13	−0.75	−0.21
Anti-dsDNA	0.46	0.37¶	0.24	0.28	0.14	0.12	0.22	0.36	0.34
Anti-Sm	0.66	0.28	0.03	0.42	−0.08	0.03	0.36	0.07	−0.07
Anti-Ro	0.98	0.37¶	0.37	0.26	−0.10	0.22	0.05	0.15	0.10
Any APLS abs	1.06	0.37	0.24	0.14	0.15	0.13	0.16	0.06	0.20
Triple-positive APLS abs	1.54	1.05	−0.26	0.02	−0.59	0.16	−0.01	−0.30	−0.28
APLS	2.37	1.34	−0.33	−0.19	0.33	−0.10	−0.35	−0.44	−0.05
Complement	0.31¶	0.66	0.23	0.69	−0.09	0.13	0.35	0.29	0.86**
Substance use (ever)	2.36	3.32¶	−0.16	−0.26	−0.38	−0.20	−0.63	−0.60	−0.76
Alcohol use (weekly drinks)	0.96	0.91	−0.04	0.02	0.03	0.03	−0.03	0.01	−0.01

Covariates are collected at the time of cognitive test assessment, unless otherwise stated.
*p<0.05, **p<0.005.
†Cognitive dysfunction defined by comparing to HC group data and meeting any of the three definition thresholds used.
‡Severe cognitive dysfunction defined by meeting the most severe definition threshold used (at least two cognitive domains each ≥2 SD below the HC group mean).
§Specific cognitive tests used for each domain are as follows: visual memory—Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test Recall Score; verbal memory—California Verbal Learning Test trials 1–5; verbal fluency—Controlled Oral Word Association Test FAS Sum; working memory—Letter Number Sequencing score; processing speed—Coding score; complex attention—Trail making test B time in seconds (longer indicates worse performance); psychomotor speed—finger tap test dominant hand score.
¶p=0.05–0.1 hence also meets inclusion for multivariate analysis.
††Time-adjusted mean SLEDAI-2K calculated for the entire duration of observation since enrolment to the Australian Lupus Registry and Biobank. Significant results bolded.
APLS, anti-phospholipid syndrome (antibodies tested were anti-cardiolipin, Beta2glycoprotein and lupus anticoagulant); dsDNA, anti-double stranded DNA antibodies; HC, healthy control; SLEDAI-2K, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000; SLICC-SDI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index.