Patient demographics
| Paediatric lupus (n=10) | Healthy children (n=5) | |
| Female (n, %) | 7 (70%) | 4 (80%) |
| Age range at enrolment (years) | 7–17 | 9–18 |
| Race (n, %) | ||
| Black | 5 (50%) | 3 (60%) |
| White | 2 (20%) | 2 (40%) |
| Asian | 3 (30%) | |
| Ethnicity (n, %) | ||
| Hispanic | 5 (50%) | 2 (40%) |
| Mean age at disease onset (years) | 12.5 (range 7–17) | |
| Mean SELENA-SLEDAI | 13 (range 6–24)* | |
| Clinical manifestations (n,%) | ||
| Rash | 9 (90%) | |
| Arthritis | 9 (90%) | |
| Biopsy-proven nephritis | 5 (50%) | |
| Neuropsychiatric | 2 (20%) | |
| Serositis | 0 (0%) | |
| Laboratory abnormalities (n, %) | ||
| Positive ANA | 10 (100%) | |
| Positive anti-dsDNA antibody | 10 (100%) | |
| Hypocomplementaemia | 10 (100%) | |
| Lymphopaenia | 7 (70%) | |
*All patients with lupus had SELENA-SLEDAI over 4 at enrolment, indicating that all patients had at least moderate disease activity.
dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; SELENA-SLEDAI, lupus disease activity score.