Production levels of molecules in unstimulated and TNF-stimulated PBMC of controls, patients with SLE and patients with rhupus
| SLE | Rhupus | Controls | ||||
| RPMI | TNF | RPMI | TNF | RPMI | TNF | |
| IL-27 (p28) | 9.0 (8.3–25.2) | 51.64 (21.6–60.7) * | 21.6 (2.2–41.0) | 54.4 (33.8–66.4)* | 2.2 (2.2–14.0) | 24.5 (8.9–63.2) |
| gp130/sIL-6Rb | 133.5 (114.9–180.9) | 161.8 (107.1–194.4) | 157.9 (76.5–178.4) | 156.8 (110.2–212.3) | 71.8 (55.1–78.8)† | 83.3 (61.8–89.6)‡ |
| IL-22 | 5.3 (2.0–30.8) | 67.4 (31.4–79.4)* | 14.6 (1.2–34.2) | 78.0 (55.3–92.6)* | 0.1 (0.07–2.3) | 54.0 (16.9–88.0) |
| sIL-6Ra | 61.5 (25.1–86.5) | 91.7 (31.0–112.3)* | 53.6 (39.5–88.7) | 78.6 (44.1–144.1)* | 40.3 (38.1–47.6) | 70.4 (56.8–75.7)* |
| IFN-α2 | 5.5 (2.5–9.6) | 15.8 (8.6–17.8)* | 9.3 (1.9–12.8) | 17.2 (13.2–24.0)* | 1.9 (0.9–3.0) | 11.9 (4.4–19.4) |
| IL-26 | 492.3 (408.2–665.1) | 1171.8 (417.8–1476.3) | 682.3 (398.7–912.2) | 1082.7 (625.8–1321.0)* | 117.7 (80.5–548.5) | 295.1 (179.9–1147.4) |
| IL-19 | 21.7 (10.6–25.3) | 29.9 (21.0–30.4)* | 20.4 (9.0–24.5) | 33.7 (23.6–35.3)* | 4.1 (3.4–13.5)† | 21.0 (9.3–35.0)* |
| IL-20 | 16.0 (2.0–187.2) | 471.0 (191.1–476.7) * | 68.5 (7.8–195.0) | 558.2 (422.7–605.7) * | 2.0 (2.0–9.2) | 421.3 (110.3–567.4) |
| IL-29 | 11.9 (6.6–26.8) | 36.4 (21.1–52.1)* | 13.7 (3.3–21.1) | 44.2 (30.6–64.2)* | 0.2 (0.2–5.2)† | 32.5 (8.8–42.3) |
| IL-35 | 11.8 (4.7–153.9) | 239.4 (117.6–265.5)* | 47.3 (9.4–125.9) | 255.3 (216.4–329.9)* | 4.7 (1.4–8.2) | 186.4 (50.7–283.1) |
| BAFF | 2116.8 (914.53–3724.4) | 5429.9 (3963.3–6113.2)* | 3559.2 (1740.8–4224.0) | 5871.6 (5388.4–5915.2) * | 1016.3 (860.1–1507.4)† | 4379.5 (2535.3–5381.0)* |
| APRIL | 10 300.4 (6176.6–11 800.5) | 11 067.4 (9902.2–11 979.0)* | 9071.3 (6176.6–12 155.8) | 11 067.4 (10 495.6–14 787.1) | 4305.5 (3331.1–4953.6)† | 8636.1 (5130.6–9879.9)*‡ |
| MMP1 | 126.4 (126.4–350.0) | 932.5 (695.5–1137.3)* | 126.4 (126.4–666.2) | 956.5 (779.3–1302.1)* | 126.4 (126.4–190.1) | 832.3 (466.5–1195.3) |
| IFN-β | 4.5 (1.2–5.6) | 8.8 (6.1–10.9)* | 5.0 (1.0–5.6) | 9.54 (8.5–15.0)* | 0.2 (0.2–1.2)† | 10.7 (2.4–10.9) |
| MMP3 | 260.7 (121.0–883.3) | 1200.1 (923.6–1421.5)* | 567.0 (228.8–913.6) | 1334.5 (1227.4–1523.4)* | 20.5 (20.5–174.9)† | 1227.4 (451.9–1471.9) |
| sCD163 | 484.0 (197.8–2736.5) | 4317.6 (2081.7–4423.5)* | 1129.9 (197.8–1956.7) | 4462.0 (3592.3–5562.1)* | 251.2 (112.4–305.2) | 3728.2 (1228.9–4848.3)* |
| Pentraxin 3 | 19.3 (4.4–31.6) | 156.9 (25.8–199.7)* | 27.9 (12.7–79.4) | 119.5 (55.4–171.6)* | 8.0 (5.5–22.3) | 104.6 (53.6–169.0) |
| TSLP | 7.5 (2.7–12.9) | 26.2 (16.0–28.2)* | 11.8 (1.3–19.1) | 30.2 (22.1–41.8)* | 1.3 (1.3–2.0) | 21.1 (7.6–30.0) |
| sCD30 | 0.1 (0.08–1.3) | 3.1 (2.0–6.1)* | 2.1 (0.1–5.9) | 3.5 (1.6–7.2)* | 0.08 (0.08–1.16) | 2.28 (1.18–7.29) |
| IL-8 | 721.6 (156.5–2854.4) | 14 626.6 (3995.8–18 447.0)* | 1998.7 (289.8–4687.7) | 13 521.2 (10 180.0–19 006.5)* | 72.8 (24.2–539.9) | 9372.9 (2028.0–14 032.5) |
| TWEAK | 231.2 (159.7–478.5) | 406.7 (356.3–776.8)* | 169.6 (124.5–245.3) | 418.5 (288.7–503.0)* | 71.0 (68.2–166.3) | 296.1 (133.2–475.3) |
| IL-28A | 2.1 (0.9–14.3) | 23.0 (11.9–28.0)* | 5.7 (0.9–13.7) | 28.0 (24.3–31.1)* | 0.9 (0.9–1.5) | 23.0 (7.6–29.9) |
| sTNF-R2 | 75.7 (17.3–706.0) | 196.9 (21.6–527.8) | 566.9 (29.7–721.6) | 486.9 (46.6–1346.4) | 99.8 (54.0–134.3) | 269.6 (113.0–338.3)* |
| Chitinase 3-like protein-1 | 17.8 (13.2–33.6) | 31.8 (22.1–58.1)* | 10.6 (10.0–26.0) | 36.3 (23.5–51.5)* | 13.2 (4.3–35.6) | 31.8 (17.3–57.3) |
| sTNF-R1 | 17.2 (5.6–42.7) | 67.0 (24.4–79.0)* | 46.4 (6.6–50.3) | 69.1 (41.6–81.0)* | 9.6 (7.1–13.8) | 57.2 (25.1–66.5)* |
| IL-12 | 0.3 (0.2–0.8) | 1.8 (0.9–1.8)* | 0.8 (0.2–1.1) | 1.8 (1.5–2.4)* | 0.07 (0.07–0.2)† | 1.6 (0.4–1.9) |
| Osteopontin | 311.3 (87.8–4723.8) | 3367.9 (152.3–4248.4) | 1385.3 (505.6–4410.6) | 7513.7 (2641.0–11 499.0) | 257.0 (83.4–1872.7) | 4848.0 (424.1–11 030.2) |
*The Wilcoxon paired t-test was used to assess differences in the levels of molecules between unstimulated and TNF-stimulated cells. Data are expressed as median (IQR).
†The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons of unstimulated PBMCs among groups, p<0.05.
‡The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparisons of TNF-stimulated PBMCs among groups, p<0.05.
APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand; BAFF, B cell-activating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.