Relevant sociodemographic, anthropometric, nutrition and clinical characteristics of study volunteers
| Variables | Study subjects; n=145 (range; SD) |
| Demographics | |
| Age (years, mean (range; SD)) | 33.04 (16–62; 10.07) |
| Menopause vs not menopause (%) | 89 vs 11 |
| Proportion of aged <40 years vs ≥40 years (%) | 73.8 vs 26.2 |
| Employment status; employed/housewife vs unemployed (%) | 77.8 vs 22.2 |
| Monthly income; enough vs not enough (%)* | 27.1 vs 72.9 |
| Assistance in daily living; present vs not present (%) | 17.2 vs 82.8 |
| Peer group support; present vs not present (%) | 24.8 vs 75.2 |
| Anthropometrics | |
| Muscle strength (kg, mean (range; SD)) | 19.88 (4.00–36.00; 6.49) |
| Gait speed (m/s, mean (range; SD)) | 0.755 (0.00–1.12; 0.16) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2, mean (range; SD)) | 22.99 (14.00–39.10; 4.97) |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg, mean (range; SD)) | 34.60 (26.20–45.10; 4.21) |
| Appendicular muscle mass index (mean (range; SD)) | 6.49 (4.57–11.61; 0.98) |
| Body fat percentage (%, mean (range; SD)) | 33.4 (15.80–56.80; 8.43) |
| Bone mass (kg, mean (range; SD)) | 2.04 (1.30–3.00; 0.39) |
| Nutrition and physical activities | |
| Vitamin D25OH levels (ng/mL, mean (range; SD)) | 17.66 (3.84–64.42; 11.29) |
| Daily protein intake (g/kg BW, mean (range; SD)) | 1.02 (0.21–4.87; 0.49) |
| Daily PUFA intake (mg, mean (range; SD)) | 12.10 (2.00–66.80; 7.52) |
| Weekly IPAQ score (min, mean (range; SD)) | 2019 (0–24 759; 2970) |
| Weekly moderate-heavy physical exercise (min, mean (range; SD)) | 259.64 (0–4200; 543.23) |
| Clinical characteristics | |
| Time diagnosed with lupus (years, mean (range; SD)) | 5.32 (0–24; 4.77) |
| 30 days Mex-SLEDAI score (points, mean (range; SD)) | 4.23 (0–17; 3.35) |
| Pain score (VAS, mean (range; SD)) | 3.23 (0–9; 2.48) |
| Anti-dsDNA level (IU/mL, mean (range; SD)) | 324.82 (2.00–1433.00; 343.29) |
| Serum CRP level (mg/dL, mean (range; SD)) | 6.28 (0–219; 25.06) |
| ESR (mm/hour, mean (range; SD)) | 49.23 (2–140; 36.16) |
| Haemoglobin level (g/L, mean (range; SD)) | 116.2 (54.0–146.0; 18.9) |
| Kidney function (eGFR, mean (range; SD)) | 105.11 (10.60–142.20; 30.61) |
| Calcium ion level (mmol/L; mean (range; SD)) | 1.14 (0.90–1.31; 0.07) |
| Creatine kinase level (U/L; mean (range; SD)) | 53.78 (14–245; 32.35) |
| Corticosteroid mean dose last 3 months (mg prednisone equivalent, mean (range; SD)) | 6.33 (0.00–46.81; 6.59) |
| Corticosteroid usage length (months, mean (range; SD)) | 44.34 (0–240; 46.40) |
*Calculated using Indonesian minimum living wage/month.
anti-dsDNA, anti-double-stranded DNA; BW, body weight; CRP, C reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; Mex-SLEDAI, Mexican SLE Disease Activity Index; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; VAS, Visual Analogue Score.