Perceived Stress Scale and Life Events Inventory and measures of positive (resilience, self-efficacy, emotional support) and negative (social isolation) psychosocial factors, by trauma history* in participants with SLE
| Overall | No trauma history | Trauma history | P value† | |
| (N=242) | (N=71) | (N=171) | ||
| Mean±SD | ||||
| Perceived Stress Scale | 4.7±3.2 | 3.5±2.9 | 5.2±3.2 | 0.0001 |
| Life Events Inventory | 4.4±3.0 | 3.5±2.6 | 4.9±3.1 | 0.001 |
| Brief Resilient Coping Scale (range) | 8.4±1.9 (0–12) | 8.1±2.0 (0–12) | 8.5±1.9 (4–12) | 0.17 |
| PROMIS self-efficacy‡ | 49.8±9.3 | 51.1±9.9 | 49.2±9.0 | 0.13 |
| PROMIS emotional support‡ | 66.6±8.5 | 68.9±7.8 | 65.7±8.6 | 0.008 |
| PROMIS social isolation‡ | 34.7±6.6 | 31.9±6.0 | 35.9±6.5 | <0.0001 |
*Trauma defined as perceived danger or threat to life according to Brief Trauma Questionnaire.
†P values from t-tests comparing scores of individuals with and without trauma history.
‡PROMIS scales, reported as T-scores.
PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.