Table 3

Multivariable logistic regression models for the association between cumulative daily dose of GC and various comorbidities (n=1073)

Characteristic	OR	95% CI	P value
Osteoporosis
Age, 31 December 2020	1.09	1.07 to 1.10	<0.001
Gender, female (vs male)	1.23	0.77 to 2.02	0.4
Socioeconomic status
Low	—	—
Medium	0.88	0.57 to 1.38	0.6
High	0.87	0.55 to 1.39	0.6
Smoking status, ever (vs never)	1.03	0.64 to 1.64	0.9
Disease duration, years	1.08	1.06 to 1.11	<0.001
HCQ cumulative annual dose, ≥300 tabs per year (vs<300)	1.63	1.18 to 2.27	0.003
Prednisone cumulative daily dose
0–≤5 mg/day	—	—
<5–≤7.5 mg/day	3.13	1.92 to 5.13	<0.001
>7.5 mg/day	5.37	3.05 to 9.52	<0.001
AUC 0.824; Hosmer-Lemshow GOF p value=0.8403
Cardiovascular disease
Age, 31 December 2020	1.04	1.02 to 1.05	<0.001
Gender, female (vs male)	0.28	0.18 to 0.43	<0.001
Socioeconomic status
Low	—	—
Medium	0.7	0.45 to 1.13	0.14
High	0.6	0.36 to 0.99	0.044
Smoking status, ever (vs never)	1.68	1.04 to 2.67	0.031
Hypertension	1.9	1.29 to 2.81	0.001
Diabetes	2.05	1.22 to 3.44	0.007
Disease duration, years	1.04	1.01 to 1.08	0.005
HCQ cumulative annual dose, ≥300 tabs per year (vs<300)	1.19	0.83 to 1.71	0.4
Prednisone cumulative daily dose
0–≤5 mg/day	—	—
<5–≤7.5 mg/day	1.74	1.03 to 2.88	0.035
>7.5 mg/day	1.68	0.91, 3.01	0.088
AUC 0.778; Hosmer-Lemshow GOF p value=0.8319
Hypertension
Age, 31 December 2020	1.09	1.08 to 1.11	<0.001
Gender, female (vs male)	0.61	0.39 to 0.97	0.035
Socioeconomic status
Low	—	—
Medium	0.44	0.29 to 0.67	<0.001
High	0.39	0.25 to 0.61	<0.001
Smoking status, ever (vs never)	0.93	0.58 to 1.46	0.8
Disease duration, years	1.04	1.02 to 1.07	0.002
HCQ cumulative annual dose, ≥300 tabs per year (vs<300)	1.26	0.91 to 1.74	0.2
Prednisone cumulative daily dose
0–≤5 mg/day	—	—
<5–≤7.5 mg/day	2.39	1.47 to 3.92	<0.001
>7.5 mg/day	1.71	0.95 to 3.03	0.068
AUC 0.820; Hosmer-Lemshow GOF p value=0.08956
Diabetes
Age, 31 December 2020	1.06	1.04 to 1.08	<0.001
Gender, female (vs male)	0.57	0.32 to 1.06	0.065
Socioeconomic status
Low	—	—
Medium	0.53	0.29 to 0.99	0.041
High	0.55	0.29 to 1.05	0.067
Smoking status, ever (vs never)	2.21	1.20 to 3.92	0.009
Disease duration, years	0.96	0.93 to 1.00	0.077
HCQ cumulative annual dose, ≥300 tabs per year (vs<300)	0.86	0.53 to 1.42	0.6
Prednisone cumulative daily dose
0–≤5 mg/day	—	—
<5–≤7.5 mg/day	1.79	0.87 to 3.49	0.1
>7.5 mg/day	3.09	1.41 to 6.33	0.003

AUC 0.776; Hosmer-Lemshow GOF p value=0.8259.
AUC, area under the curve; GC, glucocorticoid; GOF, goodness of fit; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine.