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Autoantibodies are present and cytokine biomarkers are altered prior to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosis.
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Incomplete lupus erythematosus patients who transition to SLE classification often have mild SLE without major, life-threatening organ involvement.
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Undifferentiated connective tissue disease patients who have multiple autoreactivities, anti-nuclear antibody–homogeneous pattern, anti–double-stranded DNA, anti-samarium, and anti-cardiolipin responses are at higher risk for
Preclinical Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases under award number U01AI101934, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Office of Research on Women's Health under award number U19AI082714, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences under award number P30GM103510, and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases under award number P30AR053483. The content of this article is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.