Abstract
CD4 helper T (Th)-cells and the cytokines that they produce play essential regulatory roles in immune and autoimmune responses. Th activation and differentiation is regulated by costimulatory receptors. CD28 and CTLA-4 are important in maintaining the threshold of T-cell activation. ICOS and PD-1 are novel costimulatory receptors expressed on activated T-cells. B7-H3 recognizes a putative costimulatory receptor on activated T-cells. Here we summarize the latest developments in the novel costimulatory molecules and their roles in regulating Th activation, differentiation, and function.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Antigens, CD
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Antigens, Differentiation / immunology
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Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / genetics
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Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / immunology
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B7 Antigens
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B7-1 Antigen / immunology
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B7-1 Antigen / metabolism
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CD28 Antigens / immunology
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CTLA-4 Antigen
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Humans
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Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
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Lymphocyte Activation*
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Receptors, Immunologic
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T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / cytology*
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T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / immunology*
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T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / metabolism
Substances
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Antigens, CD
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Antigens, Differentiation
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Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
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B7 Antigens
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B7-1 Antigen
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CD276 protein, human
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CD28 Antigens
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CTLA-4 Antigen
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CTLA4 protein, human
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ICOS protein, human
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Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
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Receptors, Immunologic